Social 10-1 Terms: Unit 1-4

Historical globalization

The historical process of the world becoming more interconnected, not through the domination of culture, but through trade and economic policies.

Residential School

Boarding schools for the acculturation and assimilation of Aboriginal students, run by religious groups or government from the 1830s to the 1950s.

Cultural Contact

Contact between people with different cultures, usually leading to change in both systems.

Depopulation

The reduction of population from conflict, disease, and assimilation.

Displacement

The involuntary dispersal of people, especially from their homeland.

International Trade

The interchange of raw materials and manufactured goods among distant groups of people.

Mercantilism

The economic policy of buying products from colonies for cheap and refining them for huge profit and restricting free trade.

Colonialism

The belief and support for the system of one country controlling another, and occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Imperialism

The advocacy for an empire's reign and superiority over nations politically, economically, and culturally.

Capitalism

An economic system for increasing individual wealth, requiring a relatively free market, open competition, the profit motive, and at least some private ownership of the means of production.

Entrepreneur

People who take risks by launching business ventures in the hope of making a profit.

Exploitation

The use of a person or group for selfish reasons.

Industrialization

A stage of economic development that occurs when the place of production shifts from the home and small craft shops to large factories.

Cottage Industry

A small scale business that is operated by a family or individual within their home.

Eurocentrism

A worldview that centers European ways of knowing as central or superior to others.

Paternalistic

Characterized by treating or governing individuals in a fatherly way, especially by providing for them without giving them rights and responsibilities.

Redress

An action intended to right past wrongdoings.

Columbian Exchange

The process when disease, food, knowledge, and animals spread across the Atlantic.

White Man's Burden

A poem written by Rudyard Kipling who's main theme was about how difficult it was for White Europeans to "save" non-white people, and how it was their "burden" to do so.

Sepoy Mutiny

Also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Sepoy Mutiny was a rebellion against British rule in India and their replacement of India culture and heritage.

Industrial Revolution

The combination of social and economic changes brought about by the extensive use of machinery in production, especially in Great Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Age of Exploration

Spanning from the early 15th century to the 17th century, a period characterized as a time when Europeans explored the world via the sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge.

First Contact

The first meeting of two communities previously without contact with one another.

British East India Company

A corporation which traded between India and Great Britain, later becoming a political power that governed over land.

Northwest Company

A company in the north and west of Canada which engaged in fur trading from 1783 to 1821.

Silk Road

A set of trade routes connecting groups from Europe to China, based on trade of Asian luxury goods (spices, silks) to Europe.

Spice Road

Based in areas of Africa, India and Indochina, the distribution of spices through trade.

Assimilation

The absorption of a minority group into a majority/dominant group.

Agribusiness

Large-scaled business that specialise in agriculture.

Arable Land

Areas of land that are suitable for farming and growing crops.

Bretton Woods Agreement

An agreement signed in 1944, after the Second World War in Bretton Woods, which includes 44 countries that established a new system with rules, institutions and procedures for the postwar global economy.

CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency)

A government established and run agency that has the responsibility to send foreign aid programs to less developed countries.

Centrally Planned Economic System

An economic system in which the government controls the economy, deciding what goods to produce and how many.

Conservation

The protection and preservation of natural resources and their environments.

Deforestation

The decrease in forests from the process of clearing and burning them for economic development (ex. Roads, croplands, etc.).

Deregulation

The process of removing government control and regulations to promote competition.

Digital Divide

The unequal access to digital technology across the world, a gap between those who have technology and can freely use it as opposed to those who do not have access to technology.

Disparity

The gaps economically and socially between cultural communities and countries.

Equalization Payments

Tax money that is collected from all of the Canadian provinces, and then given to the federal government to distribute wealth equally across Canada.

European Union

The European Union is a group of 16 European countries that work together to develop foreign and security policies to address issues like rights, job creation, and regional development.

Friedrich Hayek

An Austrian-born British economist who advocated for free market capitalism, believing government intervention should be minimal and markets should be driven by individual's actions.

Free Market Economy

An economic system based on supply, low government control and regulation, and a basis of privately owned businesses.

Free Trade Agreement

A treaty signed in 1989 between both the United States and Canada that is used to promote free flow trade between the two countries by removing trade barriers and tariffs.

GPI

Stands for Genuine Progress Indicator, which measures mainly the economic growth of a country and prosperity, taking into account negative and positive aspects that could affect the metric.

Gold Standard

The system in which all printed money can be converted and exchanged for gold, able to be converted at any time. (the value of a country's currency is linked to gold)

GDP

The average measure of the value of a country via the production of goods and services.

GNP

The total value of goods and services produced by a country's economy annually.

G8 (20)

Standing for 'Group of 8', G8 is an assembly of eight highly economically developed countries; Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This assembly was used to discuss and address global issues.

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

An international agency that works alongside the agency the World Bank to bring economic stability to international affairs and expand world trade.

International Monetary System

A system used to promote international trade and the regulation of currencies among countries.

John Maynard Keynes

An English philosopher and economist who believed that the solution to the stock market crash was to allow the government to actively intervene with the economy and increase government spending.

La Francophonie

An institution that revolves around organizing relations between countries that use and speak the French language.

National Energy Policy

A federal policy established in 1980 which made oil companies in Alberta lower oil prices throughout Canada in order to make sure Canadians didn't have to pay global market prices for both oil and gas.

NAFTA

Standing for 'North American Free Trade Agreement', NAFTA is a treaty between Canada, Mexico, and the United States to improve trade systems and remove tariffs during trade.

Outsourcing

A company hiring another country to fulfil certain tasks within means of production for a cheaper cost.

Privatization

When a government owned business or corporation, shifts means of ownership and becomes owned by a private company.

Resource Development

Using and extracting natural resources efficiently and effectively without negatively affecting the environment and humanity.

Environmental Stewardship

The responsible use and protection of the natural environment of the world, via conservation and applying sustainable practices throughout daily life.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future environmentally.

Telecommunications

The exchange of information over large distances via electronic means.

Trade Liberalization

The process of reducing barriers to commence trade.

Trading Bloc

A group of nations/countries that eliminate trade barriers and establish rules regarding trade with the group of countries.

World Bank

An agency that provides loans and grants that're low interest or free interest to low developed countries.

WTO

Standing for the World Trade Organization, the WTO is an organization that deals with the rules of global trade and improves trade relations between countries.

Activism

The belief in taking action to promote or rebel against a cause or issue.

Advocacy

Supporting a cause, policy or idea based on your own beliefs.

Anti-globalization activism

A social movement against aspects of globalization, focusing on impacts of international trade agreements and corporate influences.

Civic responsibilities

The duties and obligations of a citizen in support of their community.

Consumer activism

Taking action against how businesses produce and establish policies on goods and services, usually to make them more safe, environmentally friendly, etc.

Corporate responsibility

The obligation for companies to understand their impact on society, and regarding their rights.

Democratization

The transition from an authoritarian government to an established democratic system.

Dissent

The unwillingness to cooperate with an established source of authority.

Diversity

The range of human differences, like sexuality, race, nationality, and age.

Education

The process of giving or obtaining systematic instruction.

Employment equity

The establishment of hiring policies that encourage fair representation of minority groups.

Entrepreneurship

Ability to develop and run a business, along with any uncertainties to make profit.

Foreign policy

The collection of strategies a country uses to guide its relationships with other countries.

Genetic modification

An organism that has had its DNA altered.

HDI

Standing for Human Development Index, the HDI is a summary of average achievement in key aspects of human development.

Human Rights

Rights that all human beings are entitled to.

Internationalism

The belief that countries and states should cooperate on political and economic issues and set goals with one another.

Interventionism

The belief that government should directly intervene in the political and economic affairs of other countries.

Knowledge index

The average of rankings of the performance of a nation in three areas: education, innovation & information, and communication.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live, based on mortality rates.

Migration

The movement of an individual or a group of people from one nation to another.

Multilateralism

A form of cooperation between three or more states.

NGO

Stands for non-government organizations. Means that a group is non-profit and is not funded or operated by the government.

Pandemics

A disease or outbreak that spreads across a wide geographical area.

Pro-globalization activism

The promotion of increased interconnectedness and cooperation economically, socially, and politically.

Quality of life

A measurement of an individual's or a group's overall well being, via various aspects of life, rather than economic status.

Refugee

A person who has left their home country due to conflict, violence, or persecution, and is seeking protection in another country.

Tied Aid

A type of foreign aid in which the recipient country must spend the money given by a donor country on that donor's goods and services.

Standard of living

The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community.

Technology (bio-technology)

The use of biology to develop new products, methods, and organisms.

Transnationals

Operating in more than one country; multinational.

Unilateralism

Reaching a decision without regard for any one else. (a one sided decision)

Globalism

The belief that people and nations should be interdependent.

Localism

The idea that people should have control over what happens in their local area, that local businesses should be supporting, and that differences between places should be respected.

Pluralism

The idea that people of different social groups, religions, races and values can live together in a society, and that diversity is essential and beneficial to society.

Globalization

The process of people and nations from around the world becoming more interdependent.