Ap psych test review: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress (unit 7)

Motivation

A desire or need that energizes and directs our behavior

Instinct

A complex and learned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

Incentive

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Yerkes-Dodson law

The principle that performance increases with it and arousal only to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Hierarchy of needs

At the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before hire needs can be met such as safety, belongingness, love, esteem needs

Glucose

A form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. Levels get low, we get hungry

Setpoint

The point in which an individual's weight thermostat is supposedly set

Basal metabolic rate

Body's resting rate of expenditures

Sexual response cycle

Four stages of sexual responding excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Refractory period

A resting. After orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Sexual dysfunction

The problem is consistently impaired sexual arousal or functioning

Estrogen

Female sex hormone

Testosterone

Male sex hormone

Emotion

Mix of bodily arousal expressive behaviors, and conscious experience including thoughts and feelings

James-lange theory

Our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion - arousing stimuli

Cannon-bard theory

Theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers the physiological responses and subjective experience of them

Two-factor theory

Theory that to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and consciously label the arousal

Facial - feedback hypothesis

Tendency of facial muscles to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, happiness

Cartharsis hypothesis

The ideas that releasing negative energy will calm aggressive tendencies

Feel good do good hypothesis

People's tendency to help when they are in a good mood

Subjective well being

Self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

Adaption - level phenomenon

Or a tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Relative deprivation

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Stress

Process by which we perceive and respond to certain events. Called stressors, that we appraise as threatening/challenging

General adaptation syndrome

The body's that the response to stress is so general, that Like a burglar alarm, it sounds no matter what intrudes

Tend and befriend response

Providing support to others and bond with and seek support from others leads to release of oxytocin - a stress moderating hormone

Psychophysiological illness

It's a mind - body illness. Any stress - related illness, such as hypertension and headaches

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of physiological, neural, and endocrine process, together affect the immune system and resulting health

Coronary heart disease

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle. The leading cause of death in many developed countries

Type A personality

Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone

Type B personality

Easy going, relaxed

Drive

An aroused motivated state

Optimal arousal theory

Suggests that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal

Self transcendence

Highest step on Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. This is the level when people strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self

Hierarchy of needs in order from low to high

Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs, self-transcendence needs

Insulin

A hormone produced
In the pancreas that converts glucose to stored fat and removes it from the blood stream

Hypothalamus

Messages intergraded here that signal your stomach, intestines, and liver to signal your brain to motivate eating or not

Lateral hypothalamus

Sides of the hypothalamus, increases hunger. If destroyed, even starved, animals have no interest in food

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Mid-hypothalamus, depresses hunger.

Ghrelin

Hormones secreted by an empty stomach; sends hungry signals to the brain

Orexin

Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Leptin

Protein hormone selected by fat cells; when abundant, cause brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Resolution phase

Body gradually returns to its unaroused state.

The need to belong

Called affiliation need- seems to be a basic human motive. Most of us seek to affiliate with other, even to become strongly attached to certain other in enduring, close relationships

Approach- approach conflict

Occurs when you choose between to desirable outcomes

Avoidance- avoidance conflict

Occurs when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes

Approach- avoidance conflict

Occurs when one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features

Multiple approach- avoidance conflicts

Oh must choose between two or more things, each of which have good and bad feature

Spillover effect

Arousal from one event that spills over into the next

high road

a stimulus following this path would travel (by way of the thalamus) to the brains cortex. There it would be analyzed and labeled before the command is sent out, via the amygdala to respond

low road

a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex. Fear responses would travel from eye to ear (via the thalamus) directly to the amygdala. This allows for an interest emotional reaction

Richard Lazarus

emphasized that our appraisal and label of event also determines our emotional response

sympathetic division of your ANS

directs the adrenal gland to release the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. to provide energy the liver pours extra sugar into the bloodstream. physiological levels increase

parasympathetic division of your ANS

gradually calms the body, as stress hormones slowly leave the bloodstream

negative emotions

activate areas in the right frontal lobe

positive emotions

left frontal lobe activity

behavior feedback phenomenon

that if we move our bodies as we move would when experiencing a certain emotion, we are more likely to feel that emotion to some degree

catastrophes

unpredictable large-scale event

significant life changes

keenly felt, even happy events can be stressful

daily hassles

events that don't have to make our lives to be stressful but do. most significant

general adaption syndrome phase 1

your sns is activated, heart rate zooms, blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles, you may feel the faintness of shock.

general adaption syndrome phase 2

your physiological rates remain high; your adrenal glands pump out the stress hormones; you are engaged, all resources are out to meet the challenge

general adaption syndrome phase 3

you become more vulnerable to illness as your body reserves begin to run out; in extreme cases, collapse and death

b lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

t lymphocytes

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells , viruses, and foreign substances