Philosophy (Chapter 1-4

A comprehensive set of Chapter 1-4 flashcards covering key concepts, terminology, and figures from the notes.

The study of Philosophy as a SHS course requires two main things: __ and depth.

Maturity.

From which two Greek words does the word 'Philosophy' derive?

Philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom).

Which famous maxim did Socrates give about self-knowledge and life?

Know Thyself; The unexamined life is not worth living.

What does Epistemology study?

The theory of knowledge—its methods, validity, and scope; distinguishing justified belief from opinion.

What is Rationalism?

Reason, not experience, is the foundation of certainty in knowledge.

What is Empiricism?

Experience, evidence, and observation; knowledge is best gained through sensory experience.

What is Metaphysics?

The branch of philosophy examining the basic structure of reality; often called First Philosophy.

What is Cosmology?

A branch dealing with the nature of the universe; part of metaphysics and physics.

What is Logic?

The science and art of correct thinking; analysis and construction of arguments.

What are the three major domains of Ethics?

Metaethics, Normative Ethics, Applied Ethics.

What is the difference between Knowledge and Wisdom?

Knowledge is acquaintance with facts/principles; Wisdom is discernment and sound judgment (e.g., "Knowledge is knowing what to say; Wisdom is knowing when to say it.").

Who established the Academy?

Plato.

What does Plato's Theory of Forms propose?

There are ideal non-material forms that constitute true reality beyond sensory appearances.

What is Dialectic in philosophy?

A method of inquiry involving dialogue or questioning to reach truth.

What is Aristotle's relation to Plato's Theory of Forms?

Aristotle emphasized sense-perception and empirical reality; he rejected strict Form-ism and contributed to empirical science and reasoning.

What is Deductive Reasoning?

Reasoning from general premises to a specific conclusion.

What is Inductive Reasoning?

Reasoning from specific premises to a general conclusion.

What defines a Valid Argument?

The conclusion logically follows from the premises, regardless of the truth of the premises.

What defines a Sound Argument?

A valid argument with true premises and a true conclusion.

What is Ad Hominem?

Attacking the person rather than the argument.

What is Ad Baculum (appeal to force)?

Using threat or force to persuade.

What is Ad Passiones?

Appeal to emotion; evoking pity or sympathy.

What is Ad Populum?

Appeal to the popularity of an idea; what is popular is presented as acceptable.

What is Ad Traditionem?

Appeal to tradition; something is acceptable because it has long-standing practice.

What is Petitio Principii?

Begging the Question; circular reasoning.

What is Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc?

Assuming a cause-and-effect relationship between events that are not proven to be related.

What is Modo Hoc?

Fallacy of composition; assuming what is true of a part is true of the whole.

What is the Fallacy of Division?

Assuming what is true of the whole is true of its parts.

What is Bias in argumentation?

Tendencies or influences that affect views; awareness and critical thinking are essential.

What is the view that the existence or non-existence of God or a higher power is either unknown or unknowable?

Agnosticism

What belief is the principle of complete and unrestricted government power, usually in the hands of one person, a dictator or despot?

Absolutism

What belief is political philosophy that advocates for a society without hierarchical systems of authority, primarily the state and capitalism?

Anarchism

What does “Bahala na” mean?

It is the complete belief of leaving and trusting everything to God.

What is Animism?

The belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence

What is Science?

It is the systematic study that follows certain steps or methods, aiming to understand the natural world through observation and experimentation.

What is the belief of the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities?

Atheism

What is the belief in the endurance of pain or hardship without the display of feelings?

Stoicism

What is the belief of people who do not passively acquire knowledge through direct instruction?

Constructivism

What is cynicism?

A philosophical belief system that advocates for living in accordance with nature and rejecting societal conventions and materialism, promoting self-sufficiency and virtue.

What is the doctrine that the principles of beauty are basic to other and especially moral principles?

Aestheticism

What is the doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes to the external will?

Determinism

What is the philosophical doctrine that emphasizes pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the ultimate good and the primary motivator of human behavior?

Hedonism

What is an approach to life based on reason and our common humanity, recognizing that moral values are properly founded on human nature and experience alone?

Humanism

What is the view that there is no external reality composed of matter and energy?

Idealism

What is a worldview that accepts things as they are, focusing on what is real and practical rather than on ideal or abstract concepts?

Realism

This is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual.

Liberalism

The belief that everything is meaningless, so life should not require any effort.

Nihilism

The belief that war or any act of violence, under any circumstances, is purely wrong.

Pacifism

What is socialism?

Socialism is a political and economic system where the people or the government own and control the means of production, like factories and businesses, rather than private individuals or corporations.

What is the belief in and advocacy for equal rights and opportunities for all genders?

Feminism

What is the tendency to judge a person’s personality by his/her actions, without regard for external factors or influences?

Correspondence Bias or Attribution Bias

What is the tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one own’s beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it?

Correspondence bias

What is Framing Bias?

Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.

What is the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events?

Hindsight Bias

What is analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.

Cultural Bias

What bias is when a person or group is connected to or has vested interest in the issue being discussed?

Conflict or Interest bias

What is man?

It is the general term commonly used to refer to the entire human race.

What is Human?

Refers to man as a species (homo sapiens).

A complex term in which man develops responsibility, recognition of certain rights, protection, and dignity.

Person

What is human nature?

This refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans from all other creatures.

Refers to the biological and physical presence of our bodies, which are a necessary precondition for subjectivity, emotion, language, thought and social interaction.

Embodiment

What is transcendence?

It is surpassing one’s limits.

What is the limit that refers to things that are out of our control like language, environment, and so on?

Facticity

What is Spatial temporal?

The quality of state of being finite, existing only at a certain place at a certain time.

This refers to the limit of proper communication and expression.

The body as intermediary

What is Nirvana?

It is the state of perfect insight into the nature of existence.

What does Hinduism believe?

Reincarnation and Karma

What is metempsychosis?

The belief of transmigration of souls also known as reincarnation.

What is the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences?

Karma

Who coined Buddhism?

Buddha

Why are we physically free but bounded morally to obey the law?

Because Eternal law is God himself. According to this law, humanity must do well and avoid evil, hence, the existence of moral obligation in every human being.

_______ is the heart of religion.

Compassion

Religion, without compassion, is just law, burdening its adherents. (True or False?)

True

What belief focuses on the significance of humankind, seeing nature as its basic need?

Anthropocentrism

What is Biocentrism?

Emphasizes importance of nature and it should be protected.

What Republic Act is “The Animal Welfare Act of 1998”?

R.A 8485

What belief is when both humankind and nature has significance and everything should be balanced for stability and beauty?

Ecocentrism

What is Environmental Aesthetics?

A view that maintaining order in the environment brings out its beauty.

What principle is maintaining the state of the environment, not disrupting the ecosystem?

Environmental Integrity

What is Economic Efficiency?

Using natural resources with zero waste.

Demands that our natural resources should be conserved for the next generation to use them.

Equity