cmn 10y lecture

media

the channels that we use to communicate

technical media

tv, internet, mobile phones

pyramid of cmn

1. societal

2. Institutional

3. group

4. interpersonal

5. intrapersonal

societal cmn

aimed at a large mass audience

Institutional

performed by politcial parties, organized religions, large corporations

group cmn

audiences that feel a high level of group identification

family or a fan club

interpersonal

cmn bw 2 or more ppl

intrapersonal

cmn you have with yourself. all info processing, thinking, internalizing info and the process of giving meaning to the world

linear transmission model

reflects the dominant thought on cmn by proposing cmn as a linear process that starts with a sender, creates a message, and ends up with an audience, a receiver

need to consider who said what, in what channel, to whom and with what effect

who → what → channel → whom → effect

transmission model

sender → messenger → channel → receiver → effect

→ noise can disrupt (many types of noise)

encode

sender puts message into words, pictures, etc

decode

receiver takes message out of code into a way you understand

theory of encoding and decoding

emphasizes media messages

4 key stages

1. production

2. circulation

3. use

4. reproduction

cmc

human cmn that happens thru the use of digital devices

social presence theory

social presence is the awareness of others

media differ in their capacity to transmit nonverbal cmn

the fewer the number of cues, the less social presence

cmn is effective if the medium provides the appropriate social presence for the task

face to face > written/text-based

media richness theory

describes a medium’s ability to reproduce the info sent over it

ability to handle multiple info cues simultaneously

ability to facilitate rapid feedback

ability to utilize natural language

Messages: low to high equivocality and low to high uncertainty

a richer medium is needed for equivocal and uncertainty

reduced social context cues

cmc lacks to status, social norms, and etiquette in comparison to Face to Face

lack of cues makes ppl more self-focused and increases perceived anonymity

lack of norms, self focus, and anonymity can lead to hostile, unhibited behavior (eg, flaming)

ex: all caps can be considered shouting in text ,essages

social info processing theory

ppl are motivated to relate to one another

cmc offers less cues than face to face

in cmc, ppl will employ any available cue to form impressions (eg text)

transmitting social info thru text-based cmc takes more time than face to face

thus forming impression takes more time in text based cmc, but over time will aproximate face to face

hyperpersonal cmn theory

cmc allows ppl to strategically present themself

cmc allows ppl to reallocate cognitive resources to composing messages

cmc fosters behavioral confirmation process (self-fulfilling prophecy)

cmc use can lead to more exaggerated impressions in comparison to F to F encounters

define organization

involves social collectivity (or a group of ppl) in which activities are coordinated in order to achieve both invidicual and collective goals

constitutive approach theory

organizations get created from daily interactions of the organization’s members

conversations create organizations

4 cmn flows

flows are defined as circulating fields of messages that constitute organizations

1. Member Negotiations: joining and learning the ropes

2. Structuring: deciding who does what in the organization

3. Activity coordination: getting a job done

4. institutional portioning: dealing with external ppl and orgs

formal cmn

when it’s official, talking and scheduling formally

are standards/rules

informal network/cmn

called “grape vine” bc it doesn’t follow the channels of the formal organizational chart

cons:

• result in inaccurate info or harmful gossip

• serves as emotional venting

socialization in workplace

the process by which the orgs influence the individual thru formal and informal processes

individuation in work place

the process by which a single employee influences some aspect(s) of the org

ex: initiating a new tradition/ritual

why workplace conflict can be beneficial

1. consider different ideas

2. increased participation

3. produce new ideas

4. breakthru of thinking

economic imperative

diverse changes in the workforce

due to international changes

working/exploring diff cultures

technological imperative

rapid development = connect w/ ppl around the world w/ out meeting them

internet provides easy access abt cultures and ppl

also affects social relationships

self-aware imperative

helps raise awareness of our ownself and culture

self esteem, self concept, social self, self knowledge

be aware of culture biases you have

not one culture is superior

intercultural cmn definition

ppl of diff cultural backgrounds interact

globalization definition

-the crossing of boundaries

-the process by which trade and tech have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place

historical globalization

1492 → global trade in goods; books spreading knowledge

contemporary globalization

digital and satellite media revolution

the move from independence to interdependence

globalization inherently breeds resistance

Interdependence

involves move towards a society that is increasingly interconnected

todays 2 tech drivers

• the satellite

• silicon chip

• both advanced the digital world

primary effect of globalization

media and other tech obliterate geographical boundaries

ex: phones connect ppl around the world

interpersonal cmn def

the verbal and nonverbal interaction bw two (or more) interdependent ppl

nature of interpersonal cmn

• occurs among interdependent individual

• is inherently relational

• exists on a continuum

  • impersonal to interpersonal

• messages that you produce are the result of choices you make

• is inevitable

• cannot be reversed/ is irreversible

relationships development model

relationships occur in stages: moving from initial contact to greater intimacy and sometimes dissolution

6 stages:

1. contact

2. involvement

3. intimacy

4. deterioration

5. repair

6. dissolution

1. contact

• initial phase

• perceptual contact: you size up a person you just met

• after, there’s interactional contact: relatively superficial and impersonal

  • stage where you share basic info abt yourself

  • first time impressiions

  • end of contact stage, some ppl may exit

2. involvement

• a sense of being connected

• you experiment and try to learn more abt this person

• testing: want to see whether your initial impression and judgement are reasonable and want to learn more abt the person

• might increase contact, give tokens of affection like gifts

• can intensify relationship by flirting

3. intimacy

• commit yourself further to the other person and establish a relationship in which this individual becomes a closer relationship

• both quantity and quality of your interpersonal exhanges increase

  • ex: introduce bf/gf to parents or friends

• may talk more and in greater detail abt the relationship

• involves 2 stages:

  • interpersonal commitment: 2 ppl commit themselves to each other

  • social bonding: the commitment is made public perhaps to family and friends, or large events

4. deterioration

• characterized by a weakening of the bonds bw the friends or lovers

• 1st phase: intrapersonal dissatisfaction: begin to experience personal dissatisfaction w/ everyday interactions and begin to view the future w/ your partner more negatively

• 2nd stage: interpersonal deterioration: you withdraw further apart and share less of your free time

• some might try to repair the relationship

5. repair

• 1st phase: intrapersonal: analyze what went wrong and consider ways to resolve difficulties

  • changing behaviors

• 2nd phase: interpersonal: talk w/ your partner abt problems, changes needed, and what you’d want partner to do (negotiating stage)

• not all relationships go thru this stage

6. dissolution

• bonds bw the individuals are broken

• interpersonal separation: begin to lead lives apart from each other

• social/public separation: partners begin to look upon themselves as individuals than a pair

social penetration theory

• describes what happens when relationships develop

• it describes relationship development from the perspective of self-disclosure

• self disclosure is the core od relationship

self-disclosure

the sharing of personal info abt ourselves that others are unlikely to discover in other ways

penetration has layers of personal depth

• 1st dimension: breadth→ refers to the range of topics self-disclosure takes place

• 2nd dimension: depth → refers to the intimacy level of self-disclosure

• superficial→intimate→personal→ core

agenda setting

• news influences the way ppl prioritize public issues

• news has the ability to set the public agenda by drawing the public’s attention to certain issues

• ex: spending a great deal on one topic

news priming effect

• an extension of the agenda setting effect

• in response to news coverage, there is a chain reaction

• ex: news stations focus on terrorism and national security, viewers will have the issues of terrorism and national security, viewers will have the issues of terrorism and national security on their minds and become primary

• news shapes the criticism of political decisions

• news emphasis influences the way ppl evaluate the president and politicians

framing effect

influences how the audience thinks abt an issue

presumed influence

• news as a conduit of societal influence

• opinions presented frequently and prominently in the news are likely interpreted as being majority opinion (may be true or false)

• news messages shape our perceptions of social norms and what constitutes the majority opinion

• then, affects our opinions and behaviors when it comes to social conformity