RT 213 Topic 1

Overview

Anatomy

Science of the structure of the body

Physiology

Study of the function of the organs

Osteology

Detailed study of the knowledge relating to the bones of the body

Bones

• Act as attachment for muscles,

• Mechanical basis for movement,

• Protection of internal organs,

• A frame to support the body,

• Storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts,

• Production of red and white blood cells

Bone Structure

• Periosteum

• endosteum

• Haversian system

• medullary cavity

• spongy bone

• cortical bone

Ossification

Term given to the development and formation of bones

Intermembranous ossification

Development for skulls, clavicles, mandibles, and sternum

Endochondrial ossification

Development for short, irregular, and long bones

Primary ossification

Appears in the diaphysis

Secondary ossification

Appears in the epiphysis

Long bones

Femur and Humerus; provide support

Short bones

Such as the tarsals and wrist; allow minimum flexibility and motion in a short distance

Flat bones

Such as the cranium, sternum, and scapula; provide protection and broad surfaces for muscle attachment

Irregular bones

Such as vertebrae and pelvis; provide attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, or create joints

Sesamoid bones

Such as the patella; very small, oval bones developed inside and beside tendons to protect them from excessive wear

Condyle

Rounded process at an articular extremity

Coracoid or coronoid

Beaklike or crownlike process

Horn

Hornlike process on a bone

Crest

Ridgelike process

Epicondyle

Projection above a condyle

Facet

Small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation

Hamulus

Hook-shaped process

Head

Expanded end of a long bone

Line

Less prominent ridge than a crest; linear elevation

Malleolus

Club-shaped process

Protuberance

Projecting part or prominence

Spine

Sharp process

Styloid

Long pointed process

Trochanter

Either of two large rounded, and elevated processes known as greater (major) and lesser (minor)

Tubercle

Small, rounded, and elevated process

Tuberosity

Large, rounded, and elevated process

Fissure

Cleft or deep groove

Foramen

Hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves

Fossa

Pit, fovea, or hollow space

Groove

Shallow linear channel

Meatus

Tubelike passageway running within a bone

Notch

Indentation into the border of a bone

Sinus

Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space

Sulcus

Furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression

Closed Fracture

Fracture that does not break through skin

Open Fracture

Serious fracture in which the broken bone or bones project through the skin

Nondisplaced Fracture

Fracture in which the bone retains its normal alignment

Displaced Fracture

Fracture where the bones are not in anatomic alignment

Synarthroses

Immovable joints

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints

Fibrous Joints

Do not have a joint cavity; strongest joints in the body

Syndesmosis

tibiofibular joint

Suture

skull

Gomphosis

roots of teeth

Cartilaginous Joints

Virtually immovable joints without a joint cavity

Symphysis

pubic symphysis

Synchondrosis

epiphyseal plate found between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints

Gliding (Plane)

have flat or slightly curved articular surfaces that slide over each other during movement; intercarpal and intertarsal joints of the wrist and foot

Hinge (ginglymus)

have a trochlea (pulley-shaped surface) fitting a concave surface to allow an angular motion similar to a hinge; elbow, knee and ankle

Pivot (Trochoid)

a runded bone end is encircled by a ring of cartilage or bone so that there is rotation or turning on one axis, e.g. the joint between the first cervical vertebra and the tooth-like dens of the second, and the proximal radioulnar joint at the elbow.

Ellipsoid (condyloid)

have a condyle (knuckle-like process) fitting into a concave surface, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

Saddle (sellar)

the adjacent bone ends are shaped like a western saddle, convex in one direction and concave in the other.

Ball and Socket

have a globelike end or head fitting into a cup-shaped cavity.

Abduction

Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part

Adduction

Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part

Extension

Straightening of a joint

Flexion

Act of bending of a joint

Hyperextension

Forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints

Hyperflexion

Forced overflexion of a limb or joints

Eversion

Outward turning of the foot and ankle

Inversion

Inward turning of the foot at the ankle

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up

Rotation

Turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb

Tilt

Tipping or slanting a body part slightly

Deviation

A turning away from the regular standard or course

Anterior (ventral)

Refers to forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ

Posterior (dorsal)

Refers to back part of an organ

Caudad

Refers to parts away from the head of the body

Cephalad

Refers to parts toward the head of the body

Superior

Refers to nearer the head or situated above

Inferior

Refers to nearer the feet or situated below

Central

Refers to midarea or main part of an organ

Peripheral

Refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

Medial

Refers to parts toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle part of another body

Lateral

Refers to parts away from the median plane of the body or away from the middle of another body part

Superficial

Refers to parts near the skin or surface

Deep

Refers to parts far from the surface

Distal

Refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, reference, origin, or beginning; away from the center of the body

Proximal

Refers to parts nearer the point of attachment, reference, origin, or beginning; toward the center of the body

External

Refers to parts outside an organ or on the outside of the body

Internal

Refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ

Parietal

Refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity

Visceral

Refers to the covering of an organ

Ipsilateral

Refers to a part or parts on the same side of the body

Contralateral

Refers to a part or parts on the opposite side of the body

Palmar

Refers to the palm of the hand

Plantar

Refers to sole of the foot

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left segments

Coronal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior segments

Horizontal Plane

Transverse or axial plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the Pleural Membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, heart, and great vessels