Motivational Theories

What is Motivation?

The intrinsic factors within an individual that arouse, maintain and channel behaviour towards a goal.

What are the Benefits of Motivated Staff?

• Increased Productivity

• Increased Quality

• Reduced Staff Turnover

• Improved Communication

• Innovation

• Job Satisfaction

• Improved brand image

What was Taylor's Motivational Theory?

• Employees are solely money motivated

• Close Supervision

• Piece-rate Pay

• Specialised training for simple tasks

What are the Problems with Taylor's Theory?

• Best way doesn't suit individual needs

• Money isn't only motivator

• High Labour Turnover

• Piece rate only suitable for quantitative jobs

Taylor's Theory Usage

Leadership: Autocratic, Theory X Skill Level: Low & Money Motivated Financial Motivation Short Term

What was Mayo's Motivational Theory?

• Social aspect of work is vital

• Advocator of Team Working

• Group Relationship/ Morale

How can Mayo's Theory be implemented?

• Social/ sporting facilities provided

• Work outings & trips

• Team Working

• Staff rooms/ Break Areas

What are the Problems with Mayo's Theory?

• Assumes workers and managers have same goal

• Increased knowledge through communication can cause problems

• May lead to trade union power reduced

Mayo's Theory Useage

Leadership: Democratic, Theory Y Skill Level: High, Creative roles Non-financial Motivator Long Term solution

What was Maslow's Motivational Theory?

• People have a hierarchy of needs and we wish to attain the highest level of the hierarchy however to meet this all below must be met first.

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

How can an Employer satisfy Physiological Needs?

• Minimum Wage

• Shelter

• Water/ Food

• Clothes

How can an Employer satisfy Safety Needs?

• Job Security

• Maternity/ Paternity Leave

• Well-built premises

• Fire Exits

How can an Employer meet Social Needs?

• Teamwork

• Social Events

• Staff Rooms

How can an Employer satisfy Esteem Needs?

• High/ Competitive Pay

• Mutual Respect

• Good Management

• Bonuses

• Promotion

• Praise

How can an Employer satisfy Self-Actualisation?

• Charity Work

• Share of Responsibility

• Empowerment

What are the Advantages of Maslow's Theory?

• Practical Implications

• Encourages utilisation of employers abilities

• Identifies several solutions to motivation due to separate levels

What are the Disadvantages of Maslow's Theory?

• Assumes once level is achieved, motivation stops

• Some needs may be fulfilled outside of workplace

• Difficult to assess and implement for each individual

What was Herzberg's Theory?

• Two factors affect motivation, hygiene and motivational

• Hygiene factors do not motivate but necessary

• Both simultaneously

• Aim for employees to have minimum dissatisfaction and maximum motivation

Herbert's Theory Uses

Leadership: Democratic, Theory Y Skill Level: Applied to any individual Both Financial and Non-Financial Long Term solution

What are Hygiene Factors?

• Company Policies

• Working Conditions

• Fair Pay

• Status

• Job Security

What are Motivators?

• Personal Achievement of goals/ targets

• Recognition for achievement

• Interest in work

• Responsibility and more complex duties

• Personal Growth and advancement

What are the Advantages of Herzberg's Theory?

• Many factors considered

• Useful/ practical methods

What are the Disadvantages of Herzberg's Theory?

• Costly and time consuming

• Pay could still contribute to motivation

What was Vroom's Theory?

• Maximise happiness and minimise unhappiness

• Performance based in individual factors

• Positive correlation between efforts and performance

• Favourable performance will result in desirable reward

• Reward must satisfy and be worthwhile

What is Valence?

When a task is undertook because they believe the reward is worthwhile and has value.

What is Expectancy?

When employees expectations about their capability are in like with targets making them achievable in return oh a valent reward.

What is Instrumentality?

The employees perception of if rewards are actually going to be fulfilled by the manager

What was Porter and Lawler's Theory?

Rewards are intrinsic (internal) or extrinsic (external)

Intrinsic Rewards

Satisfaction, Enjoyment

Extrinsic Rewards

Pay Rise, Bonus, Time-off, Benefits