Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
absolutism (absolute monarchs)
the idea that monarchs should have unlimited power
divine right
the belief that a king or queen’s power comes from god
Louis XIV
established versailles and a big army
best example of absolutism
selfish and caused many financial issues
Versailles
location of Louis XIV’s extravagant palace eleven miles outside of Paris
James I
king of Scotland inherited Elizabeth’s I’s throne as well as her conflicts with parliament, cement the Church of England as the official religion of England
Puritans
protestants in England inspired by Calvinist’s ideas
Charles I
ignored petition of right and wanted all power, believed in divine right
petition of right
placed limits on kings ability to leavy taxes, imprison citizens without cause, quarter troops, and institute martial law
english civil war
a series of battles fought in England between 1642 and 1651, where supporters of King Charles I (Royalists) clashed with supporters of the Parliament, primarily led by Oliver Cromwell, resulting in the execution of the king and the establishment of a Commonwealth with no monarch for a period of time; essentially a power struggle between the monarchy and Parliament over political and religious issues
Royalists
championed the divine right of the monarch to govern England and fought against the opposing Parliamentarians.
Cavaliers
associated with the Royalist supporters of King Charles I in his struggle with Parliament
Roundheads
The name given to the supporters of the Parliament of England
Oliver Cromwell
removed non believers of parliament and the “new model” destroyed king and parliament to set up a military dictatorship, the new model was destroyed after his death
commonwealth
a nation, state or political unit founded on law and united by agreement for and by the people
Charles II
sympathetic to Catholicism suspended laws parliament passed against catholics and puritans after reinstate of monarchy. Parliament fought back and made test act.
Restoration
this term refers to the time when Charles II took the throne
James II
devout catholic placed catholics with good/high superior jobs , religon problem with king and parliament; no rebellion
William and Mary of Orange
accepted intervention to invade England, they became rulers as parliament offered with a bill of rights and many powers/ acts limiting the monarchs.
Glorious Revolution
no blood shed as William chased out James the army as no one wanted James as leader and he fled to France, William said this was a glorious revolution
Constitutional monarchy
bill of rights led to making monarchs not as powerful and government have as many rights (what government is this called?)
natural rights
the rights with which people are born
geocentric theory
solar system in which the earth is at the center and all other celestial projects
scientific revolution
sparked new ways of thinking that would influence scientific study, inspire new ideas about religon, politics, government, and culture.
Nicolaus Copernicus
after studying planetary movements for many years, this astronomer reasoned that the stars and planets revolved around the sun, but he didn’t publish his findings until 1543, this year of his death
heliocentric theory
solar system in which the sun is at the center and all other celestial objects
Johannes Kepler
this brilliant mathematician used the data and mathematics to prove the accuracy of Copernicus’s basic ideas about the motions of planets.
Galileo
telescope, mountains’s on earths moon, four moons revolving around jupiter and sun sports, planets where now seen as planets of earth not lights, starry messenger.
scientific method
system procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in modern world
Isaac newton
mathematician and physicist brought together some of the theories and discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion known as the law of universal gravitation.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
used a microscope to study bacteria and red blood cells
Andreas Vesalius
human anatomy, organs and structures of bodies, circulating the blood, blood veins and circuit
Robert Boyle
used scientific method in chemistry is best known for the discovery of a law that helps to explain characteristics of gases
Enlightment
philosophical movement of intellectuals impressed with achievements of science revolution (change in rights)
social contract
an entire society agrees to by government by its general will, individuals give up certain natural rights to government for return of security fair regulations and community goals
philosophes
a person who seeks wisdom, term applied to intellectuals during enlightenment
voiltare
freedom of speech, challenged church, strong belief in religious toleration, and promoted deism, (philosophy based on reason and natural laws)
Baron de Montesquieu
tried to find natural laws that govern social and political relationships executive legislative and judicial
separation of powers
form of government that the legislative, judicial, and executive limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances
Jean Jaques Rosseau
adopted laws and government to pressure private property believed humans are naturally good and that society is what corrupts them, advocating for a "social contract
Denis Diderot
changed the general way of thinking, encyclopedia articles supported religious toleration, social change and political reforms.
Adam Smith
explained pricing of goods and services should be solely guided by the interactions between people and businesses (with little government involvement) 3 roles, protect against invasion, defend individuals and property, and provide public works.
Laissez-faire
state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone.
esates
3 divisions of France under old regime
First estate
130,000 population (church)
second estate
350,000 population (gov, military, law)
third estate
peasants and common folk + half the peasants earned no land work for the king, struggles to survive with price of things vs the wage.
taille
annual tax, usually on land or property, that produced a regular source of income for the french monarchy.
bourgeoise
the highest power of the third estate (bankers and educated people)
Louis XVI
the king at the time of the estates, very bad at financial responsibility.
Marie Antoinette
queen, known for extravagance (caused finical crisis however, not entirely the root of all the finical problems.
estates-general
french parliament (hadn’t been called since 1614)
national assembly
on June 17th, 1789 third estate declared this assembly, and would profit on constitution.
tennis courth-oath
swore to keep meeting until they had a new constitution (what oath?).
bastille
old fortress used us prison and armory
Great fear
peasant rebellions became of vast panic
declaration of the rights of man
inspired by the english bill of rights 1689, American declaration of independence and the constitution, began with (fraternity, equality, liberty)
Legislative Assembly
government that replaced the national assembly, more affluent members of society would be elected implanted reforms of equality
Constitution of 1791
removed many powers of the king and set up limited power of monarchy
National Convention
met to draft a new constitution, all adult males could vote. ruiling body of France, distrusted king, abolish monarchy and instated a republic. put an to end to most radical stage of the french revolution
Jacobin Club (jacobins)
political group (radical) dominated CoPs
guillotine
execution by slicing head off, Marie Antoinette and 16,000 others died by it
Maximillion Ropespeire
called new order “republic of Virtue” a democratic republic consisting good people, couldn’t make people de Christian, many catholic, ridding France of all corrupt elements, arrested and guillotined by 1774
Committee of Public Safety (CoPs)
national convention gave broad powers to this committee dominated by Maxamillion, took control of government to defend France in domestic threats. Tried to settle inflation and failed.
reign of terror
40,000 people killed, killed all classes 15% of killed were privileged class (by guillotine+Rospierre)
Directory
under new constitution executive committee of 5, chosen by council of elders known for corruption and relied on military for power, Napoleon overthrew the government
Napoleon Bonparte
won battles with speed, suprise and descion action, defeated armies of Papal States and Australlian allies, gave France control of Northern Italy
coup d’etat
quick seizure of power, an overthrow of government
Napoleon Code
seven laws codes were created it presented many of the principles the revolutions had fought for, equality of all male citizens before law and etc.
meritorious
deserving reward or praise
liberalism
political philosophy based largely on enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that the basic rights of all people should be protected.
nationalism
loyalty to one nation above other and placing on emphasis on promoting its cultural, values, and interests
contiental system
blockade to stop British goods from reaching the European continent to be sold there. Weakened Britain economy.
scorched earth policy
war tactic to burn everything (moscow)
exile
banned from somewhere (prisoned in Elba)
Elba
island of northwest coast of Italy
Louis XVIII
France's king after the fall of Napoleon (experimental monarchy again) (standby king)
Battle of Waterloo
battle in which was defeated by the combination of British and Prussian army and Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena
Hundred Days
the time Napoleon had made his return to France
St.Helena
A small island in the South Atlantic
Nationalism
loyalty to a nation like americas flag/pride
Louis Phillipe
Cousin of Charles took the throne, political support for new monarch came from the upper middle class
radical
relating to a political group associated with views, practices, and policies of extreme change
universe male sufrage
the right of all males to vote in any election
Louis - Napollean
nephew of Napoleon, one resounding victory in residential elections, elected by universale male suffrage
King Victor Emanuel II
Kingdom of Sardinia, appointed prime minister Camillo Cavour, declared war of Austria 1859, new state of Italy proclaimed war under him.
Camillo de Cavour
Prime minister, pursued economic growth to equip large army, made alliance with Louis Napolean
Gisuppe Garbaldi
dedicated patriot raised an army of 1000 volunteers won control over rest of Italy
Wilhelm I
tried to enslave Prussian army, appointed count otto as prime minister
Otto van Bismark
prime minister, practitioner of real politick governed Prussia without agreement of parliament.
realpolitik
politics of reality, practical rather than ethics.
Franco-Prussian war
German joined Prussia and France thought fighting Prussia would be smart (France lost)
Kaiser
german word for “caeser” title of emperors of the second german empire.
Creoles
people of European descent born in latin America
penisculares
to describe latin Americans born in Spain.
mestizoes
describe people of European and indigenous ancestry.
Jose de San Martin
won independence for Argentina and Chile, then gave up command of his army.
Simon Bolivar
Venezuelan soldier big role in the South American independence movement. Bolívar served as president of Gran Colombia and as dictator of Peru. The country of Bolivia is named for him.
