Vocab for History Exam

absolutism (absolute monarchs)

the idea that monarchs should have unlimited power

divine right

the belief that a king or queen’s power comes from god

Louis XIV

established versailles and a big army

best example of absolutism

selfish and caused many financial issues

Versailles

location of Louis XIV’s extravagant palace eleven miles outside of Paris

James I

king of Scotland inherited Elizabeth’s I’s throne as well as her conflicts with parliament, cement the Church of England as the official religion of England

Puritans

protestants in England inspired by Calvinist’s ideas

Charles I

ignored petition of right and wanted all power, believed in divine right

petition of right

placed limits on kings ability to leavy taxes, imprison citizens without cause, quarter troops, and institute martial law

english civil war

a series of battles fought in England between 1642 and 1651, where supporters of King Charles I (Royalists) clashed with supporters of the Parliament, primarily led by Oliver Cromwell, resulting in the execution of the king and the establishment of a Commonwealth with no monarch for a period of time; essentially a power struggle between the monarchy and Parliament over political and religious issues

Royalists

championed the divine right of the monarch to govern England and fought against the opposing Parliamentarians.

Cavaliers

associated with the Royalist supporters of King Charles I in his struggle with Parliament

Roundheads

The name given to the supporters of the Parliament of England

Oliver Cromwell

removed non believers of parliament and the “new model” destroyed king and parliament to set up a military dictatorship, the new model was destroyed after his death

commonwealth

a nation, state or political unit founded on law and united by agreement for and by the people

Charles II

sympathetic to Catholicism suspended laws parliament passed against catholics and puritans after reinstate of monarchy. Parliament fought back and made test act.

Restoration

this term refers to the time when Charles II took the throne

James II

devout catholic placed catholics with good/high superior jobs , religon problem with king and parliament; no rebellion

William and Mary of Orange

accepted intervention to invade England, they became rulers as parliament offered with a bill of rights and many powers/ acts limiting the monarchs.

Glorious Revolution

no blood shed as William chased out James the army as no one wanted James as leader and he fled to France, William said this was a glorious revolution

Constitutional monarchy

bill of rights led to making monarchs not as powerful and government have as many rights (what government is this called?)

natural rights

the rights with which people are born

geocentric theory

solar system in which the earth is at the center and all other celestial projects

scientific revolution

sparked new ways of thinking that would influence scientific study, inspire new ideas about religon, politics, government, and culture.

Nicolaus Copernicus

after studying planetary movements for many years, this astronomer reasoned that the stars and planets revolved around the sun, but he didn’t publish his findings until 1543, this year of his death

heliocentric theory

solar system in which the sun is at the center and all other celestial objects

Johannes Kepler

this brilliant mathematician used the data and mathematics to prove the accuracy of Copernicus’s basic ideas about the motions of planets.

Galileo

telescope, mountains’s on earths moon, four moons revolving around jupiter and sun sports, planets where now seen as planets of earth not lights, starry messenger.

scientific method

system procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in modern world

Isaac newton

mathematician and physicist brought together some of the theories and discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion known as the law of universal gravitation.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

used a microscope to study bacteria and red blood cells

Andreas Vesalius

human anatomy, organs and structures of bodies, circulating the blood, blood veins and circuit

Robert Boyle

used scientific method in chemistry is best known for the discovery of a law that helps to explain characteristics of gases

Enlightment

philosophical movement of intellectuals impressed with achievements of science revolution (change in rights)

social contract

an entire society agrees to by government by its general will, individuals give up certain natural rights to government for return of security fair regulations and community goals

philosophes

a person who seeks wisdom, term applied to intellectuals during enlightenment

voiltare

freedom of speech, challenged church, strong belief in religious toleration, and promoted deism, (philosophy based on reason and natural laws)

Baron de Montesquieu

tried to find natural laws that govern social and political relationships executive legislative and judicial

separation of powers

form of government that the legislative, judicial, and executive limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances

Jean Jaques Rosseau

adopted laws and government to pressure private property believed humans are naturally good and that society is what corrupts them, advocating for a "social contract

Denis Diderot

changed the general way of thinking, encyclopedia articles supported religious toleration, social change and political reforms.

Adam Smith

explained pricing of goods and services should be solely guided by the interactions between people and businesses (with little government involvement) 3 roles, protect against invasion, defend individuals and property, and provide public works.

Laissez-faire

state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone.

esates

3 divisions of France under old regime

First estate

130,000 population (church)

second estate

350,000 population (gov, military, law)

third estate

peasants and common folk + half the peasants earned no land work for the king, struggles to survive with price of things vs the wage.

taille

annual tax, usually on land or property, that produced a regular source of income for the french monarchy.

bourgeoise

the highest power of the third estate (bankers and educated people)

Louis XVI

the king at the time of the estates, very bad at financial responsibility.

Marie Antoinette

queen, known for extravagance (caused finical crisis however, not entirely the root of all the finical problems.

estates-general

french parliament (hadn’t been called since 1614)

national assembly

on June 17th, 1789 third estate declared this assembly, and would profit on constitution.

tennis courth-oath

swore to keep meeting until they had a new constitution (what oath?).

bastille

old fortress used us prison and armory

Great fear

peasant rebellions became of vast panic

declaration of the rights of man

inspired by the english bill of rights 1689, American declaration of independence and the constitution, began with (fraternity, equality, liberty)

Legislative Assembly

government that replaced the national assembly, more affluent members of society would be elected implanted reforms of equality

Constitution of 1791

removed many powers of the king and set up limited power of monarchy

National Convention

met to draft a new constitution, all adult males could vote. ruiling body of France, distrusted king, abolish monarchy and instated a republic. put an to end to most radical stage of the french revolution

Jacobin Club (jacobins)

political group (radical) dominated CoPs

guillotine

execution by slicing head off, Marie Antoinette and 16,000 others died by it

Maximillion Ropespeire

called new order “republic of Virtue” a democratic republic consisting good people, couldn’t make people de Christian, many catholic, ridding France of all corrupt elements, arrested and guillotined by 1774

Committee of Public Safety (CoPs)

national convention gave broad powers to this committee dominated by Maxamillion, took control of government to defend France in domestic threats. Tried to settle inflation and failed.

reign of terror

40,000 people killed, killed all classes 15% of killed were privileged class (by guillotine+Rospierre)

Directory

under new constitution executive committee of 5, chosen by council of elders known for corruption and relied on military for power, Napoleon overthrew the government

Napoleon Bonparte

won battles with speed, suprise and descion action, defeated armies of Papal States and Australlian allies, gave France control of Northern Italy

coup d’etat

quick seizure of power, an overthrow of government

Napoleon Code

seven laws codes were created it presented many of the principles the revolutions had fought for, equality of all male citizens before law and etc.

meritorious

deserving reward or praise

liberalism

political philosophy based largely on enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that the basic rights of all people should be protected.

nationalism

loyalty to one nation above other and placing on emphasis on promoting its cultural, values, and interests

contiental system

blockade to stop British goods from reaching the European continent to be sold there. Weakened Britain economy.

scorched earth policy

war tactic to burn everything (moscow)

exile

banned from somewhere (prisoned in Elba)

Elba

island of northwest coast of Italy

Louis XVIII

France's king after the fall of Napoleon (experimental monarchy again) (standby king)

Battle of Waterloo

battle in which was defeated by the combination of British and Prussian army and Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena

Hundred Days

the time Napoleon had made his return to France

St.Helena

A small island in the South Atlantic

Nationalism

loyalty to a nation like americas flag/pride

Louis Phillipe

Cousin of Charles took the throne, political support for new monarch came from the upper middle class

radical

relating to a political group associated with views, practices, and policies of extreme change

universe male sufrage

the right of all males to vote in any election

Louis - Napollean

nephew of Napoleon, one resounding victory in residential elections, elected by universale male suffrage

King Victor Emanuel II

Kingdom of Sardinia, appointed prime minister Camillo Cavour, declared war of Austria 1859, new state of Italy proclaimed war under him.

Camillo de Cavour

Prime minister, pursued economic growth to equip large army, made alliance with Louis Napolean

Gisuppe Garbaldi

dedicated patriot raised an army of 1000 volunteers won control over rest of Italy

Wilhelm I

tried to enslave Prussian army, appointed count otto as prime minister

Otto van Bismark

prime minister, practitioner of real politick governed Prussia without agreement of parliament.

realpolitik

politics of reality, practical rather than ethics.

Franco-Prussian war

German joined Prussia and France thought fighting Prussia would be smart (France lost)

Kaiser

german word for “caeser” title of emperors of the second german empire.

Creoles

people of European descent born in latin America

penisculares

to describe latin Americans born in Spain.

mestizoes

describe people of European and indigenous ancestry.

Jose de San Martin

won independence for Argentina and Chile, then gave up command of his army.

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan soldier big role in the South American independence movement. Bolívar served as president of Gran Colombia and as dictator of Peru. The country of Bolivia is named for him.