Antibacterial Medications

How long does it take for gut to return to normal after taking antibiotics?

A month

What antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin

What antibiotic alters membrane permeability?

Amphotericin B

What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides

What antibiotic inhibits synthesis of bacterial RNA and DNA

Fluoroquinolones

What antibiotic interferes with metabolism within the cell?

Sulfonamides

What antibiotic misuse can contribute to antibiotic resistance?

Antibiotics taken unecessarily

Taking antibiotics incorrectly (skipping doses)

Stopping medication when you feel better

What is cross-resistance

When bacteria develop resistance to multiple drugs with similar actions

What are the adverse reactions of taking antibitocs?

Allergic reaction, superinfection, and organ toxicity

What organs are mostly affected by antibiotics?

Ear, liver, and kidney

What is a super infection?

Secondary infection when normal flora is killed, usually in the mouth, skin, genitals, or intestines

What are symptoms of an allergic reaction to antibiotics?

Hypersensitivity, rash, pruritus, hives, anaphylactic shock

What is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

An antibiotic effective against one bacteria type

What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Used to treat infections when the offending microorganism has not been identified

What are two examples of broad spectrum antibiotic

Tetracycline, cephalosporins

What is the action of penicillin?

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

What medication can there be a cross allergy with penicillin?

Cephalosporins

High doses of penicillin inactivate ____

aminoglycosides

What should you inform a pt of when taking penicillin?

Use additional form of birth control

Take with food and increase fluids

Avoid acidic fruits and juices (Stomach irritation and less efficacy)

High doses of penicillin can decrease ______

platelet aggregation

What is an example of a cephalosporins

ceftriaxone

How long should you infuse cephalosporins by IV?

30-45 minutes

What should you be cautious of when giving cephalosporins, such as ceftriaxone?

Anaphylaxis

C-Diff

Superinfection

What should you take to avoid superinfections from cephalopsorins?

buttermilk and yogurt (probiotics)

What happens when mixing alcohol with cephalosporins?

A disulfiram-like reaction

Flushing, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps

What should you do when taking cephalosporins?

Take with food and increase fluids

What type of infection could cephalosporins be used to treat?

Bone infections

What is the action of azithromycin?

Inhibits protein synthesis

What is the action of cephalosporins?

Inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis

What is the action of penicillin?

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

What is an example of a macrolide?

Azithromycin

Is azithromycin a narrow or broad spectrum antibiotic?

Broad spectrum

What should you consider when administering azithromycin?

Give 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals (take on empty stomach)

Give with a full glass of water

Wait 2 hours before or after taking med to take antiacids

What medication is often in a “Z-pack”?

azithromycin

What are negative side effects of azithromycin?

Tinnitus, ototoxicity, and tooth discoloration

What is an example of a glycopeptides

vancomycin

What is the action of vancomycin?

Inhibits cell wall synthesis in gram positive bacteria

What is oral vancomycin used to treat? IV?

oral - C.diff

IV - MRSA

When should you stop an IV of vancomycin?

Flushing reaction

Vancomycin is often given if a pt has an allergy to…

penicllin

How long is vancomycin given IVBP?

60-90 minutes

Vancomycin has a _____ therapeutic index?

Narrow

What are the risks of vancomycin when taken with furosemide (Lasix)?

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

What is the action of doxycycline?

Inhibits protein synthesis

What type of bacteria does tetracyclines, like doxycycline treat?

Gram positive and gram negative

MRSA

You should take tetracyclines with ____

food

What are side effects/adverse reactions of doxycycline?

Ototoxicity

Discoloration of permanent teeth

C-Diff

Do not give doxycycline to children younger than….

8 years old

What is an example of a aminoglycoside?

Gentamicin

What is the action of gentamicin?

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Gentamicin and ____ inactivate eachother

penicillins

Gentamicin has a ____ therapeutic index

narrow

What type of bacteria is gentamicin effective against?

Gram-negative

Why is gentamicin used for bowel preparation?

To reduce bacterial load in colon before surgery

What superinfection can you get from gentamicin?

C-diff

Amino glycosides increase the action of…

oral anticoagulants (prolonged bleeding)

Gentamicin increases risk of …

Ototoxicity with loop diuretics

Nephrotoxicity with NSAIDs, cephalosporins, and vancomycin

What is an example of a fluoroquinolone?

Levofloxacin

What is the action of levofloxacin?

Interferes with synthesis of bacterial DNA

What bacteria does levofloxacin treat?

Gram-positive and gram-negative

What drug is bactericidal?

Levofloxacin

What are side effects/adverse reactions of levofloxacin?

Tendinitis (Tendon rupture)

Photosensitivity

C-Diff

What is an example of a sulfonamide?

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

What is the action of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

Inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid

What type of bacteria are sulfonamides effective against?

Gram-negative

What are side effects of sulfonamides?

Photosensitivity

Crystalluria

Tinnitus

Do not take ____ with sulfonamides?

Antacids

What should a pt do when taking sulfonamides?

Increase fluids to flush kidneys

What does sulfonamides treat?

skin, UTI infections