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1NF
is a form of normalization in which each field has a single value so that data can be sorted in any way possible
3NF
is a form of normalization in which a value change in a non-key column in one table does not necessitate a change in another non-key column within an entity
Alias
A replacement name for a column or table
ALTER
A SQL keyword used to change the definition of a database object
ALL
A SQL keyword used to display records within a query if all records within that query match related records in a subquery
ANY
A SQL keyword used to find matching records from a query to a subquery
AVG
A SQL keyword used to get the average amounts for one or more fields within a query
Backup
A copy of data stored elsewhere to be restored if original data is lost or damaged
BETWEEN
A SQL keyword used to define a range of values used for a filter within a query
Bit
A data type that is either a zero or a one
Boolean
A data type that allows for values to be either true or false
Byte
A unit of measurement used to determine how much memory a piece of data will take
Cartesian Product
A combining of two unrelated tables within a query
Clustered Index
An index based on the primary key of an entity
Column
A property that defines data in an entity. Also known as a field
Comparison Operator
A symbol used to define a filter within a query, for example, the greater than or equal to symbol (>=)
Composite Key
A primary key consisting of two or more fields. Also known as a compound key
Compound Key
A primary key consisting of two or more fields. Also known as a composite key
Constraint
A limitation on what can be entered in a data field within an entity
COUNT
A SQL keyword used to show the number of records within a query
CREATE
A SQL keyword used to add an object to a database or add an entire database to an instance of SQL Server
Data
Information that is organized, entered into files, and then retrievable as needed
Data Type
A setting that defines what kind of data can be entered in a field, such as a number, date, or text string
Database
A file that stores data and allows people to search and create reports from the data
Datetime
A data type that holds dates and times
DELETE
A SQL keyword used to remove data from an entity
Differential Backup
A backup of data that has changed since the last full backup
DISTINCT
A keyword used to return records without duplicate values among fields specified in a query
DROP
A SQL keyword used to remove a database object
Entity
A database object with organized rows and columns as data. Also known as a table
Entry
Adding a row of data to an entity
ERD
is a visual representation of a database, its entities, and the relationships among those entities
EXEC
A SQL command used to run a stored procedure
Field
A property that defines data in an entity. Also known as a column
Foreign Key
An entity field used to help create a one-to-many relationship between entities
Full Backup
A backup of an entire database
Full Outer Join
A join that shows all records from both tables within a defined join
GROUP BY
A SQL keyword set used to define fields that should be aggregated when aggregates are used within a query
IN
A SQL keyword used to define multiple values used for filtering criteria within a query
Index
A virtual table used to sort information in an entity and make that information easier to retrieve than without the index
Inner Join
A join that shows related records from both tables within the join
Input Parameter
A value a person enters to use as a filter when running a stored procedure
INSERT INTO
A SQL statement that copies records from one entity to another
Integer
A data type consisting of whole numbers
INTERSECT
A keyword used to return matching records between two entities
Join
The combining of two entities within a single query, with data being related on a common field between the two entities
Left Outer Join
A join that shows all records from the first table defined in a join
LIKE
A SQL keyword that allows for the use of wildcards to return approximate matches of criteria within a query
MAX
A SQL keyword used to get the largest value within a range of values
MIN
A SQL keyword used to get the smallest value within a range of values
Nonclustered Index
An index based on an entity field that is not the primary key of an entity
Normalization
The process of ensuring that an entity in a database can work with other entities as needed from an organization and relationship standpoint
NULL
A SQL keyword used to indicate an empty value within a field
Nvarchar
A data type that holds a set number of characters in a field and allows for Unicode characters
Object Explorer
A window in SQL Server that shows databases and their objects within each server instance
One-to-Many Relationship
An entity relationship between a primary key in one entity and a foreign key in another entity
One-to-One Relationship
A relationship between two primary keys in two entities
ORDER BY
A keyword set used to sort data within a dataset
Orphaned Record
A record entered in the many table of a one-to-many relationship that has a value in its foreign key that does not exist in the primary key of the entity used on the other side of the relationship
Outer Join
A join that shows all records from one side of the join and related records from the other side of the join
Output Parameter
A value that is returned from running a stored procedure
Parameter
A value specified, usually by a user, that is used to retrieve data using that value when running a stored procedure
Primary Key
An entity field that ensures that every record in an entity is unique
Principle of Least Privilege
A permissions principle that ensures people with access to a database have the permissions they need to perform their job duties, but those permissions are the only ones they have
Query
A statement used to retrieve desired data from a database
Record
A block of data with values for each field or column. Also known as a row
Referential Integrity
In a one-to-many relationship, assurance that a value is entered in the primary key of the entity being used as the one side of the relationship before that same value is allowed on the many side of the relationship
Relational Database
A database with entities that have data that can be joined with each other through a field common to both entities
Restore
The process of replacing lost or corrupt data with a copy of that data
RETURN
A keyword used to generate and hold a value that is the result of a stored procedure
Right Outer Join
A join that shows all records from the second table defined in a join
Role
A defined set of permissions within a database
Row
A block of data with values for each field or column. Also known as a record
Runtime Error
An error that occurs during the execution of code
SELECT
A SQL keyword used to retrieve data from a database
SELECT INTO
A SQL statement that copies records from one entity into a new entity
Self Join
A join that relates two fields from the same entity to each other
SQL
is a keyword-based language used in writing queries on data within databases
SQL Keyword
A word, part of the language aspect of SQL, used to formulate part of a SQL statement
SQL Server
A server app that stores databases and all related database settings
SQL Statement
A block of code that serves either as a data query or a command to add, update, or remove data or an object from a database
Stored Procedure
A SQL server object that is a saved query for retrieving or changing data
STR
A SQL keyword used to convert a number to a string
SUM
A SQL keyword used to total the values for one or more fields within a query
Syntax Error
An error in coding usually caused by improper punctuation, incorrect spelling of a keyword, or an incorrect ordering of keywords within a code block
Table
A database object with organized rows and columns of data. Also known as an entity
TOP
A SQL keyword used to limit the number of records returned in a query
TRUNCATE TABLE
A SQL keyword set used to empty all the data from an entity
Unicode
A character type that allows for numbers, letters, and symbols, including foreign language symbols
UNION
A keyword used to return two or more entities as a single dataset within a query
UPDATE
A SQL keyword used to change data within an entity
VALUES
A SQL keyword used as part of an INSERT statement that controls what is added to an entity
Varchar
A data type that holds a set number of characters in a field
View
A SQL Server object that is a saved query for retrieving data
WHERE
A SQL keyword used to filter records from recordset during a query