Behavioral Neuroscience Exam 2 "Lecture 5: Psychiatric Disorders"

Lecture 5

What are some of the symptoms of schizophrenia?

delusions of grandeur

hallucinations

disorganized thinking/speech

grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

negative symptoms

What are negative symptoms?

the absence or reduction of normal behaviors and emotions

What are negative symptoms for schizophrenia?

a lack of motivation (avolition), reduced emotional expression (blunted affect), and social withdrawal (asociality), along with other symptoms like reduced speech (alogia) and a decreased ability to feel pleasure (anhedonia).

What is schizophrenia?

the split of senses or psychic functions

What are positive symptoms?

symptoms that seem to represent an excess of typical function

What is catatonia?

remaining motionless, often in awkwards positions for long periods

What is psychosis?

a loss of touch with reality

What is an antipsychotic drug?

A class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis, which involves symptoms like hallucinations and delusions.

What were the first antipsychotic drugs?

Chlorpromazine and reserpine

____________ is no longer used in the treatment of schizophrenia because it produces a dangerous decline in blood pressure at the doses needed for successful treatment.

Reserpine

________often reduces the severity of symptoms enough to allow institutionalized patients to be

discharged.

Chlorpromazine

What is a phenothiazine?

A class of antipsychotic drugs that bind effectively to both D1 and D2 receptors

Name a phenothiazine?

Chlorpromazine

Chlorpromazine and other phenothiazines all bind effectively to ______

D1 and D2

What is a butyrophenone?

A class of antipsychotic drugs that bind primarily to D2 receptors

Name a butyrophenone.

Haloperidol and Spiroperidol

_____________and other ____________ bind effectively to D2 receptors but not D1 receptors.

Haloperidol and Spiroperidol, butyrophenones

_________ is excititory.

Glutamate

________ is inhibitory.

GABA

____________ is linked to depression.

serotonin

What is anhedonia?

loss of the capacity to experience pleasure

What is an affective disorder?

affective = mood disorder

Name the (3) limitations of current research on the neural basis of schizophrenia.

several weeks of treatment are needed

associated with diffuse brain damage

drug treatments don’t work for all patients 

What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder? (8)

depressed mood most of the day, (almost every day)

diminished interest in most activities 

significant weight changes 

slowing down of thought or physical movement (observable by others)

fatigue or loss of energy

feelings of worthlessness 

diminished ability to think or concentrate 

suicidal thoughts or plans 

What is mania?

a state of abnormally elevated mood and high energy. categorized as delusions of grandeur, overconfidence, impulsivity, and distractibility.

What are the two theories of depression?

Monoamine theory of depression and diathesis stress model of depression

What is bipolar disorder type II? 

a person experiences more mania and less depression

What is bipolar type I?

a person experiences less mania and more depression

Name antidepressant drugs? (4)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOA)

Tricyclic antidepressants

Lithium

Selective monamine-reuptake inhibitors 

What is monoamine oxidase (MAO)?

the enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters in

the cytoplasm (cellular fluid) of the neuron.

What are the side effects of MAO inhibitors?

people who take MAO inhibitors and consume tyramine-rich foods run the risk of stroke caused by surges in blood pressure.

___________is a monoamine agonist; it increases the

levels of monoamines. 

Iproniazid

The tricyclic antidepressants have _____ molecule bases. 

3

What are Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

serotonin agonists that exert their agonistic effects by blocking the reuptake of serotonin from synapses

What are selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)?

they block the reuptake of more than one monoamine neurotransmitter

What is monoamine theory of depression? 

exaggerates serotonin’s role in depression

What is Up-regulation?

an increase in the number of serotonin receptors when there is an insufficient amount of serotonin

What is the diathesis-stress model of depression? 

depression develops from an interaction between a person's genetic predisposition (diathesis) and life stressors

What are the symptoms of anxiety?

all impact daily life, must last for at least 6 month

easily fatigued

difficulty concentrating (mind going blank)

irritability

muscle tension

difficulty failing or staying asleep 

Names the types of anxeity.

generalized anxiety

phobic anxiety 

panic disorders 

obsessive-compulsive disorders

posttraumatic stress disorders  

What is generalized anxiety?

excessive and persistent worry about various everyday things, even when there is little or no reason to be concerned

What is phobic anxiety?

an irrational fear

What is panic disorder?

recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and a persistent fear of having future attacks

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and fears (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)

What is posttraumatic stress disorder?

re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares

What are treatments for anxiety?

benzodiazepines and serotonin agonists

What are benzodiazepines?

are addictive; enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA, which slows brain activity (downers)

What are serotonin agonists?

they activate serotonin 

What are the neural bases of anxiety disorders?

GABA

Serotonin

Amygdala

The amygdala is the __________.

fear center

What does the Mesotelencephalic dopamine system connect to?

the limbic to the prefrontal 

The _______________lights up when you are addicted to something.

Mesotelencephalic dopamine system