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Define Ecology
The study of living organisms and their interaction with their environment.
Define Habitat
Place where organisms live, reproduce, feed.
Define Population
Individuals of same species that can interbreed, in the same time and place.
Define Community
Different species living in the same habitat.
Define Ecosystem
Community of organisms and their environments, interacting together.
Define Decomposers
Return elements back to nature by adding nutrients to soil.
Food Web Advantages
Show complex relationships
Show All Organisms in ecosystem
Each species has more sources of food
90% Energy lost due to?
Metabolic Processes (eg: Respiration)
Faeces
Pyramid Of Biomass advantages
Biomass shows food left.
Biomass shows energy available.
Biomass is pyramid-shaped.
Pyramids of Energy advantages:
Allow comparison between species
Show actual energy transfer
Carbon Dioxide Conc. In Air
0.04%
4 Factors Affecting Population
Food ( DIR . P )
Competition ( DIR . P)
Predation ( INV . P )
Disease (INV . P)
4 Sigmoid Curve Phases
LAG
EXPONENTIAL
STATIONARY
DEATH
Why does lag phase happen?
Organisms are still adapting to environment.
4 Factors Affecting Human Population
Diseases
Limited Food
Natural Disasters
Wars
Why did humans have growth spurt in their sigmoid curve?
Reduced Diseases by:
Sanitation, Immunization
Increased Food
Effects of too much humans
Environmental
Pollution
Deforestation
Damage Widlife
Social
More disease
Not enough jobs
How did food production increase?
Agricultural Machinery
Chemical Fertilizers
Insecticides
Herbicides
Selective Breeding
Advantages / Disadvantages of Monoculture
Pros
Less competition
More profitable
Easier to take care of
Cons
Reduce biodiversity
Pests have larger food supply
Advantages / Disadvantages of Livestock Production
Pros
More Profitable
Easy Manage
Cons
Reduce biodiversity
Soil Erosion
Diseases
Deforestation
Define Biodiversity
Number of different species that live in an area.
Reasons of Habitat Destruction
increased building of houses and factories
extraction of natural resources
growing areas for crop and livestock prod
marine pollution
Causes for Deforestation
Wood is good fuel
Wood makes paper
Wood makes houses
Effects of Deforestation
Flooding
More CO2
Extinction
Soil Erosion
Effects of Soil Erosion
Landslides
Less nutrient recycled
Increase risk of flooding
Plants can’t grow we
Extinction
NON-Biodegradable plastics Pollution Effects
Animals can eat or get trapped
Harmful toxins get into soil
Microplastics get into food chain
Block light for photosynthesis
Prevent Plastic Pollution by:
Recycling
Education
Use biodeg plastic
Sources of CO2 in Air Pollution
Fossil fuel burning
Deforestation
Respiration in animals
Sources of Methane in Air Pollution
Livestock production
Extraction of coal and oil
Effects of Global Warming, inflicted by Air Pollution
Increase in temperature
Extinction of species
Flooding
Erosion
Melting polar ice
Process Of Eutrophication
When leached water fertilizers reach rivers, the excess nitrates will stimulate the rapid growth of green plants and algae, this is called algal bloom.
→ The algae may grow so much that the water looks thick and green.
→ This will block out light for plants growing beneath them, which die. Even the plants and
the algae on the top will eventually die.
→ These dead living organisms will be decomposed by aerobic bacteria, by aerobic respiration which uses up the oxygen in water.
→ Reduction in dissolved oxygen.
→ This results in low concentrations of oxygen in water so fish and other animals have to
move to other areas or they die (fish suffocate).
Prevent Eutrophication by:
Don’t fertilize too much
Don’t fertilize in rain
Use organic fertilizer
Define Sustainable Resources
Produced as rapidly as it runs out
→ So it doesn’t run out!
Conserve forests by
Education (raise awareness on how to cut)
Quotas (decide amount of trees cut)
Protected areas (no trees cut down)
Replant
Conserve fish stocks by
Education (raise awareness about overfishing)
Quotas + fines (decide amount of fish + when)
Fish net type
fish mesh size
Monitoring
Conserve endangered species by
Education
Monitor
Seed Bank (plants)
Endangered species happen due to
Hunting
Climate change
Pollution
Why conserve animals?
Reduce extinction
Protect ecosystem
Protect food
Maintain biodiversity
Morals and ethics
Define (AI) Artificial Insemination:
Choose preferred characteristics
Wait for female’s ovulation
Use meds to make female ovulate
Freeze Semen
Inject semen into female tract
Define (IVF) In Vitro Fertilization:
Extract gametes, mix, form zygote, put back in
Effects of Small population
Less biodiversity
Risk of extinction
Vulnerable to disease
Seed bank terms:
Low Temp
Dry seeds
Low O2