Ecology | IGCSE Biology Ch 19 + 20

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43 Terms

1
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Define Ecology

The study of living organisms and their interaction with their environment.

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Define Habitat

Place where organisms live, reproduce, feed.

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Define Population

Individuals of same species that can interbreed, in the same time and place.

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Define Community

Different species living in the same habitat.

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Define Ecosystem

Community of organisms and their environments, interacting together.

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Define Decomposers

Return elements back to nature by adding nutrients to soil.

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Food Web Advantages

  • Show complex relationships

  • Show All Organisms in ecosystem

  • Each species has more sources of food

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90% Energy lost due to?

Metabolic Processes (eg: Respiration)

Faeces

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Pyramid Of Biomass advantages

  • Biomass shows food left.

  • Biomass shows energy available.

  • Biomass is pyramid-shaped.

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Pyramids of Energy advantages:

  • Allow comparison between species

  • Show actual energy transfer

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Carbon Dioxide Conc. In Air

0.04%

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4 Factors Affecting Population

  • Food ( DIR . P )

  • Competition ( DIR . P)

  • Predation ( INV . P )

  • Disease (INV . P)

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4 Sigmoid Curve Phases

  • LAG

  • EXPONENTIAL

  • STATIONARY

  • DEATH

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Why does lag phase happen?

Organisms are still adapting to environment.

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4 Factors Affecting Human Population

  • Diseases

  • Limited Food

  • Natural Disasters

  • Wars

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Why did humans have growth spurt in their sigmoid curve?

  • Reduced Diseases by:

    Sanitation, Immunization

  • Increased Food

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Effects of too much humans

Environmental

  • Pollution

  • Deforestation

  • Damage Widlife

Social

  • More disease

  • Not enough jobs

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How did food production increase?

  • Agricultural Machinery

  • Chemical Fertilizers

  • Insecticides

  • Herbicides

  • Selective Breeding

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Advantages / Disadvantages of Monoculture

Pros

  • Less competition

  • More profitable

  • Easier to take care of

Cons

  • Reduce biodiversity

  • Pests have larger food supply

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Advantages / Disadvantages of Livestock Production

Pros

  • More Profitable

  • Easy Manage

Cons

  • Reduce biodiversity

  • Soil Erosion

  • Diseases

  • Deforestation

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Define Biodiversity

Number of different species that live in an area.

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Reasons of Habitat Destruction

  • increased building of houses and factories

  • extraction of natural resources

  • growing areas for crop and livestock prod

  • marine pollution

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Causes for Deforestation

  • Wood is good fuel

  • Wood makes paper

  • Wood makes houses

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Effects of Deforestation

  • Flooding

  • More CO2

  • Extinction

  • Soil Erosion

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Effects of Soil Erosion

  • Landslides

  • Less nutrient recycled

  • Increase risk of flooding

  • Plants can’t grow we

  • Extinction

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NON-Biodegradable plastics Pollution Effects

  • Animals can eat or get trapped

  • Harmful toxins get into soil

  • Microplastics get into food chain

  • Block light for photosynthesis

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Prevent Plastic Pollution by:

  • Recycling

  • Education

  • Use biodeg plastic

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Sources of CO2 in Air Pollution

  • Fossil fuel burning

  • Deforestation

  • Respiration in animals

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Sources of Methane in Air Pollution

  • Livestock production

  • Extraction of coal and oil

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Effects of Global Warming, inflicted by Air Pollution

  • Increase in temperature

  • Extinction of species

  • Flooding

  • Erosion

  • Melting polar ice

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Process Of Eutrophication

When leached water fertilizers reach rivers, the excess nitrates will stimulate the rapid growth of green plants and algae, this is called algal bloom.

→ The algae may grow so much that the water looks thick and green.

→ This will block out light for plants growing beneath them, which die. Even the plants and

the algae on the top will eventually die.

→ These dead living organisms will be decomposed by aerobic bacteria, by aerobic respiration which uses up the oxygen in water.

→ Reduction in dissolved oxygen.

→ This results in low concentrations of oxygen in water so fish and other animals have to

move to other areas or they die (fish suffocate).

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Prevent Eutrophication by:

  • Don’t fertilize too much

  • Don’t fertilize in rain

  • Use organic fertilizer

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Define Sustainable Resources

Produced as rapidly as it runs out
→ So it doesn’t run out!

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Conserve forests by

  • Education (raise awareness on how to cut)

  • Quotas (decide amount of trees cut)

  • Protected areas (no trees cut down)

  • Replant

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Conserve fish stocks by

  • Education (raise awareness about overfishing)

  • Quotas + fines (decide amount of fish + when)

  • Fish net type

  • fish mesh size

  • Monitoring

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Conserve endangered species by

  • Education

  • Monitor

  • Seed Bank (plants)

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Endangered species happen due to

  • Hunting

  • Climate change

  • Pollution

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Why conserve animals?

  • Reduce extinction

  • Protect ecosystem

  • Protect food

  • Maintain biodiversity

  • Morals and ethics

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Define (AI) Artificial Insemination:

  • Choose preferred characteristics

  • Wait for female’s ovulation

  • Use meds to make female ovulate

  • Freeze Semen

  • Inject semen into female tract

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Define (IVF) In Vitro Fertilization:

  • Extract gametes, mix, form zygote, put back in

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Effects of Small population

  • Less biodiversity

  • Risk of extinction

  • Vulnerable to disease

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Seed bank terms:

  • Low Temp

  • Dry seeds

  • Low O2

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