micro innate immune system

Know the key differences of the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system in regards to: when it develops in our life cycle and their specificity. 

• Innate: presence at birth + nonspecific →seek and destroy foreign antigen 

• Adaptive: develops throughout life to foreign material + highly specific → integrate antigen to make memory then kill foreign antigen

Know the functions of antigen in terms of the immune system as well as outside the immune system (for the cell itself) as well as where they are located on a cell

• Antigen is a name tag specifically a foreign substance that trigger an immune response in the body by binding to antibodies or immune cells 

Know the differences between primary and secondary lymphoid organs as well as which organs belong in each category 

• Secondary lymphoid organs: contain reticular tissues to trap pathogens + lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT, SALT

• Primary lymphoid organs: do not contain reticular tissues but have other immune functions →  bone marrow + thymus + hematopoietic stem cell reside in bone marrow is birth of all WBCs

Know how the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT, bone marrow and the thymus function in the lymphatic/immune system 

• Lymph node: filter lymph 

• Spleen: filter blood 

• Tonsils: filter everything (consume) 

• MALT: filter anything through mucous membrane 

• SALT: filter tissue under skin 

• Bone marrow: innate immune system are born → Hematopoietic stem cell (birth of WBCs) 

• Thymus: T cell mature

Know what features/structures make up the first line of defense of the innate immune system and the various ways it functions in the immune system 

• First line of defense is the physical barrier that keep pathogen OUT

• Structure: skin (keratinized cells)  → NaCl + Sebum 

• Mucosa: MALT, Mucous

Understand the meaning of and the process of phagocytosis 

Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where certain cells engulf and digest. 

Know antigen presenting cells 

• Macrophages, Dendritic cells, B cells 

Know NKCs 

Destroy pathogen that already infected a cell & apoptosis (purpose cell death) 

Know which immune system cell follow the myeloid lineage 

eosinophil

basophil 

neutrophil 

monocyte 

mast cell 

Know which immune system cell follow the lymphoid lineage 

lymphocyte, NKCs

Know which immune system cells are classified as granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

Know which immune system cells are classified as agranulocytes

lymphocytes, monocytes, NKCs

Know the functions of the granules house within the granulocytes AND how they affect OUR bodies/cells as well 

• Granules contain enzymes to break down nucleic acid, proteins, and carbohydrates of bacteria. Granules can kill our cells because they are NOT specific 

Know the individual functions of all the mentioned immune cells 

• Neutrophils: phagocyte bacteria 

• Eosinophils: phagocyte parasitic worms 

• Monocyte, macrophages, dendritic cells: specialize in everything

Know the difference between the location of Basophiles and Mast cells in the body - INFLAMMATORY CELLS 

• Basophiles circulate through the blood 

• Mast cells are located in mucosa/ mem mucosa 

• Basophiles and Mast cells both explode and release their own granules

Know the difference between the location of Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells in the body 

• Monocytes are located in the blood 

• Macrophages are located in body tissue 

• Dendritic cells are located in tissue and skin

Know the functions of the proteins of the second line of defense and their role in the immune system 

• Surface receptors monitor environment “eyes and ears”

• Cytokines produce by most cells, diffuse to others, bind to receptors to induce reactions →  can lead to high amount known as cytokine storm 

• Complement proteins are inactive proteins circling in blood plasma and tissue initiating a cascade of events to activate.

Know the chemicals/structures that can lead to cytokine release in the human body 

• Chemokines: toward or away from chemical cells 

• CSFs: multiply and differentiate leukocytes + travel to bone marrow to activate WBCs 

• ILs: enhance WBCs + stimulate inflammation + increase motility 

• TNF: induce inflammation (apoptosis) 

• IFNs: control viral infections →  infected flag for NKCs ☹

Know the basic pathway of the compliment system, the events that can trigger it, and the outcome that each activated complement protein can induce

• A foreign invader (pathogen) found in body → Alternative pathway compliment protein find antigen, lectin pathway a cell find it, Classical pathway antibodies find antigen

• C3A gets activated and splits into C3A and C3B 

• C3B enhances opsonization and phagocytosis and activates C5 

• C5 splits into C5B and C5A 

• C5B initiate MAC complex 

• C3A and C5A induce inflammation

Know the chemicals/events that can trigger inflammation, the cardinal signs of inflammation as well as the ultimate cause of those cardinal signs 

• Swelling, Redness, Heat, Pain 

• Vasodilation causes inflammation to open the blood vessels and increase blood flow. 

• Inflammation is localized in a specific area not everywhere 

• Pus is made of dead cell bodies

Know what causes fever and why fever occurs. And the negative and positive side effects of fever 

Pyrogen travel in blood stream to reach to the hypothalamus to reset body temperature (systemic heat) 

acute inflammation and chronic inflammation

acute inflammation is short and quick, if acute fails chronic inflammation is continuous damage tissue

pyroptosis: macrophage trigger inflammatory response that sacrifices infected cells

necrosis traumatic cell death due to damage

enzymes and toxins from phagocytic cells are released damaging tissues

damage effects of inflammation

self-destruction of host cell such as pyroptosis when a macrophage triggers an inflammatory response that sacrifices infected cells

necrosis traumatic cell death due to damage

enzymes and toxins from phagocytic cells are released damaging tissues