Topic 10 - Biol 213
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59 Terms
A group of populations of various species living and interacting in the same place at the same time
The study of how populations interact and how these interactions influence population dynamics, ecosystem structure, and biodiversity
Interactions classified based on their net fitness effect (survival, fecundity, reproductive success) on interacting organisms: beneficial (+), harmful (-), or neutral (0)
A biotic interaction where both interacting populations experience a net fitness benefit (+/+)
A mutualistic interaction where both populations strictly depend on each other for survival or reproduction and cannot live independently
A mutualistic interaction that is beneficial to both populations but optional, flexible, and context-dependent
Resource-resource trade (plants & mycorrhizal fungi), service-resource trade (pollinators & plants), or service-service trade (two-way protection)
A biotic interaction where both populations experience a net fitness reduction (-/-) due to shared limiting resources
Competition between individuals of the same species for resources/territory, density dependent population regulation, stronger then inter
Competition between individuals of different species, lead to exclusion or co existence
Interference involves direct physical interaction or resource-guarding, other one is resource depletion
A biotic interaction where one population benefits at the direct fitness expense of the other (+/-)
Types of Antagonism
Predation, herbivory, parasitism
An antagonistic interaction where one organism (predator) kills and consumes another (prey)
Regulates prey populations (top-down control), maintains prey diversity by preventing dominance, improves prey fitness via selective mortality, and creates niches for scavengers
An antagonistic interaction where an animal consumes plant tissues, usually via chronic grazing that drains resources without killing the plant
Can stimulate compensatory plant growth and facilitate seed dispersal via frugivores
An antagonistic interaction where a parasite lives on or inside a host, deriving nutrients at the host's expense (the most common consumer strategy on Earth),
Parasitism generalists vs host specific
infect many hosts, then host specific
Ectoparasites live externally on the host's body (e.g., ticks, lice), Endo within
A strategy where bird species lay eggs in other species' nests, forcing the host to raise their chick at the cost of the host's own offspring
An interaction where a larva lives on/in a host as a parasite but ultimately kills and consumes the host upon maturing (e.g., parasitoid wasps/flies)
A biotic interaction where one population benefits while the other remains completely unaffected (+/0)
A biotic interaction where one population is harmed while the other remains unaffected (0/-)
Interactions where two species do not interact directly but influence each other through shared community linkages or shared resources
An indirect interaction where two prey species indirectly harm each other because an increase in one prey increases predator numbers, which then increases predation on the second prey
Reciprocal natural selection between two or more interacting populations where trait shifts in one species act as selective pressures driving counter-adaptations in the other
The concept that organisms must constantly adapt and evolve just to maintain their relative fitness against co-evolving competitors, predators, and parasites ("it takes all the running you can do to stay in place")
Plants evolve chemical/physical defenses (e.g., cardiac glycosides in milkweed) to reduce herbivory, driving herbivores to evolve behavioral/physiological counter-defenses
Plant defense chemicals classified into major groups: Glucosinolates, Terpenoids, Phenolics, Alkaloids, and Tannins
Visual Anti-predator Strategies
Crypsis, batesin mimicry, aposematism, mullerian mimicry
A visual anti-predator strategy where an organism avoids detection by blending into its background environment
Warning coloration where bright, conspicuous colors signal to predators that an organism is dangerous or toxic
A visual defense where a harmless, palatable species mimics the warning appearance of an unpalatable or toxic species
A visual defense where two or more unpalatable or toxic species share a similar warning appearance, reinforcing predator avoidance
Batesian mimicry, Müllerian mimicry, and Aposematism ALL rely on learned avoidance behavior in predators after negative experiences
Mutualistic co-evolution between flower morphology and pollinator anatomy leading to extreme trait hyper-specialization (e.g., long-proboscid fly and long-tubed iris)
The complete functional role and position an organism occupies in its environment, including resource use, habitat, activity period, and response to competitors/predators
The rule stating that two species competing for the exact same limiting resources cannot stably coexist in the same ecological niche lead to extinction resource partitioning habitat shift
The full potential range of physical/environmental conditions and resources under which a species could survive and reproduce in the absence of biotic interactions
The actual restricted range of environmental conditions and resources a species occupies in nature due to constraint by competitors, predators, and parasites
Chthamalus can physically inhabit high to low tide (fundamental niche), but interspecific competition from Semibalanus restricts Chthamalus to the high-tide zone (realized niche)
The evolutionary division of shared resources among competing species to minimize interspecific competition and permit stable coexistence
Morphological (beak sizes in finches), Spatial (warblers foraging at different tree heights), Dietary (predators taking different prey sizes), and Temporal (nocturnal owls vs. diurnal hawks)
A species that exerts a disproportionately large control on community structure relative to its physical abundance. removal causes dramatic community restructuring
Common hunting adaptations including speed & agility (cheetahs, falcons), camouflage (polar bears), cooperative hunting (orcas, wolves), stealth & ambush (lynx), and sensory specialization (bats)
Common defensive adaptations including speed & escape behaviors, camouflage (stick insects), armor (turtles, pangolins), group vigilance & visual confusion, and chemical/warning defenses
Parasites evolve to infect hosts, replicate quickly, transmit to new hosts, and maintain an optimal level of virulence
Hosts evolve to prevent infection, limit internal damage caused by parasites, and develop long-term immune protection
Energy allocated toward producing defenses is energy unavailable for growth or reproduction
A strategy where species only produce costly physical or chemical defenses when predator cues are actively present (e.g., helmet formation in Daphnia cucullata clones)
The evolutionary principle predicting that organisms concentrate high levels of protection in organs/structures vital to survival and reproduction (e.g., spiny Tribulus terrestris seeds)
Niche partitioning where body size or shape differences allow species to consume different resource sizes (e.g., beak variations in Darwin's finches)
Niche partitioning where closely related sympatric predators eat different prey species (e.g., lions, cheetahs, and leopards in the Serengeti
Niche partitioning where species occupy different microhabitats within the same geographic area (e.g., warblers foraging at different tree heights)
Niche partitioning where competing populations are active at different times of day/night (e.g., nocturnal owls vs. diurnal hawks hunting the same prey)
Visual anti-predator strategies (Batesian mimicry, Müllerian mimicry, and Aposematism) all rely on learned avoidance behavior in predators
A lion actively defending a zebra carcass from approaching hyenas is an example of direct competition (interference competition over a contested resource)