exam prep 2 development psych

\n One-year-old Chatava is not upset when her mother leaves the room, and when her mother returns, Chatava turns away from her. Chatava is exhibiting ____ attachment.

insecure-avoidant

\n Elise's father sat her on her blanket in front of the TV in the living room and left the room to work in his office with the door shut. Elise has been playing alone for a while on her blanket and has become upset. When her father returns, she is not comforted but seems angry with her father. Elise is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment.

\n insecure-resistant

\n When Faith's mother leaves her alone in a room, she does not move and appears a bit dazed. Faith is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment.

\n insecure-disorganized

Baby Hughie has singled out his mother as someone different from all others. When his mother takes him to a new place, Hughie is able to explore but looks back to his mother every once in awhile for reassurance. He is okay with strangers, but only if his mother is there with him. 

secure

When all of his buddies call home to tell their parents they will be getting home late from the game, Dieter doesn't bother, saying, "My mom and dad are too busy to care about me. They don't care how late I'm out—in fact, they never even ask where I'm going." If Dieter is right, his parents are most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ parenting style.

uninvolved

Will and Grace want their children to work hard. They have rules and expect their children to obey them without question. They don't often express affection openly to their children. Will and Grace are most likely ____ parents.

authoritarian

Jimmy and Marcella are quick to express affection toward their son, Andrew, and accept most of his behavior. In fact, Andrew has never once been punished. Jimmy and Marcella are exhibiting a(n) ____ style of parenting.

permissive-indulgent

When 13-year-old Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can go to an R-rated movie, his parents say no, but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style BEST describes Ki-Jana's parents?

authoritative

Three employees are conducting an assignment in the field. They finish 30 minutes early, at 4:30. Two of the workers suggest going home instead of taking 20 minutes to drive back to the office and then wait 10 minutes to clock-out. The third worker decides to call the boss to inform her they finished early.

What stage is the third worker in who reported back to their boss?

Level II:Stage 4 - Authority and Social Order

An elementary school teacher has observed that one of her students has started to give stickers and candy to their classmates. They never did this before, but now all of a sudden, each week starts with a distribution of highly valued gifts to all the boys and girls in the class.

This goes on for several weeks in a row. Then one day, the teacher decides to ask the youngster "why are you giving out stickers and candy today?" The young child looks up at the teacher with a big grin and explains that she will have a birthday soon and she hopes to get lots of good gifts from her classmates.

What stage of moral reasoning would that person display?

Level I:Stage 2 - Self-interest

One person might help out at the local animal shelter because they want to be prosocial and hope that people will see them as a kind and warm-hearted person for helping animals.

What stage of moral reasoning would that person display?

Level II:Stage 3 - Conformity and Interpersonal Accord

Martin Luther King argued that laws are only valid insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. King also recognized, of course, the general need for laws and democratic processes, and he was therefore willing to accept the penalties for his actions. Nevertheless, he believed that the higher principle of justice required civil disobedience.

What stage of moral reasoning did he display?

Level III:Stage 6 - Universal Principles

Some people pay taxes just so that they don't get caught if they're audited by the IRS because they don't want to pay any potential fines. 

What stage of moral reasoning would they be in?

Level I:Stage 1 - Obedience and Punishment

Debates over whether society should offer universal healthcare have been dealt with in different nations in different ways. It's a balancing act between the good of society and the good of the individual. Universal healthcare is an overall public good, especially for the poor, oppressed, and homeless. It guarantees healthcare to everyone regardless of income. 

However, some people who don't like the concept argue that it's a restriction of individual liberty. Healthy and responsible people pay for the healthcare of unhealthy and unproductive people.

What stage of moral reasoning would they be arguing from?

Level III:Stage 5 - Social Contract

Josh has just started college this semester and is positive he wants to go to medical school. He has never considered any other career for himself. His father is a doctor, as was his grandfather. For as long as he can remember, all he has ever wanted to do is follow in his father's footsteps and become a doctor as well. He is sure it is his calling.

foreclosure

Sue seems to change her mind every few weeks about almost everything. She cannot seem to settle on what she wants to do after high school. At times, she says she wants to go to college, but other times, she says she wants to see the world. One minute she wants to be a doctor, the next she wants to be a writer. She is also continually changing her appearance: One month, she was preppy; the next, she dyed her hair and bought a new wardrobe. Her parents are not too concerned: they support her ideas about the future and know she will eventually find her path.

moratorium

Kenny is about to graduate from high school—barely. His grades are borderline; he has few friends, no real interests, and spends most of his time after school staying in his room listening to music. He seems to have no interest in making plans for the future or even finding a job to support himself after high school.

diffusion

Cindy has just graduated from college with a B.A. in psychology. It took her almost six years to get her degree because she changed her major so many times. First, she was an English major, then it was art, and next business. Finally, she took a general psychology class and was hooked. Later, she got a part-time job at a mental health facility and knew this was the field for her. Now she is going to graduate school to earn her Ph.D. in psychology. From her experience working at the mental health facility, she knows she wants to be a psychologist who works with troubled children.

achievement

Attachment

A deep and enduring emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver, typically their mother or father.

Secure attachment

A healthy attachment style where an infant feels safe and secure in the presence of their caregiver and is able to explore their environment knowing that their caregiver will be available and responsive when needed.

Avoidant attachment

An insecure attachment style where an infant avoids or ignores their caregiver and may not seek comfort or support from them.

Resistant attachment

An insecure attachment style where an infant is clingy and dependent on their caregiver, but may also be resistant to comfort from them.

Disorganized (disoriented) attachment

An insecure attachment style where an infant exhibits conflicting or disoriented behavior towards their caregiver, often due to inconsistent or abusive parenting.

Basic emotions

The primary emotions that are believed to be innate and universal across cultures, such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust.

Stranger wariness

The cautious behavior displayed by infants towards unfamiliar people.

Social referencing

When an individual looks to others for guidance on how to react in an uncertain or ambiguous situation.

Parallel play

When children play alongside each other but do not interact or engage with each other.

Simple social play

Play where children engage with each other in a simple, repetitive manner

Cooperative play

Play where children work together towards a common goal or engage in shared activities.

Prosocial behavior

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit others, such as helping or sharing.

Altruism

The selfless concern for the welfare of others, without expecting any personal gain or reward.

Empathy

1. The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.

Social role

A set of expected behaviors, rights, and obligations associated with a particular social position or status.

Gender stereotypes

Preconceived notions about the roles, behaviors, and characteristics that are typically associated with men or women

Relational aggression

The use of social manipulation, exclusion, or verbal aggression to harm others and damage their relationships.

Gender identity

An individual's subjective sense of their own gender, which may or may not align with the sex assigned at birth.

Gender-schema theory

A theory that suggests that individuals develop gender stereotypes and expectations through their experiences with gender roles in society.

Mental operations

Processes or procedures used by the brain to manipulate information, such as perception, attention, memory, and reasoning.

Working memory

The cognitive system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information, usually for a short period of time.

Long-term memory

The storage and retrieval of information over a prolonged period of time, potentially lasting years or even a lifetime.

Organization

The process of arranging and categorizing information in a structured and meaningful way.

Elaboration

The process of adding additional information to existing knowledge, often by connecting new information to what is already known.

Metamemory

An individual's awareness and knowledge of their own memory processes and strategies

Metacognitive knowledge

Knowledge of one's own cognitive processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving.

Cognitive self-regulation

\: The ability to control one's own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to achieve a goal.

Emotional intelligence

The ability to recognize and manage one's own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.

Analytic ability

The capacity to analyze and solve problems by breaking them down into smaller parts and understanding the relationships between them.

Creative ability

The capacity to generate novel and useful ideas, often by making connections between seemingly unrelated concepts.

Practical ability

The capacity to apply knowledge and skills to real-world situations.

Mental age

A measure of intellectual development based on the average level of intellectual functioning associated with a particular age group.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A score derived from standardized intelligence tests that is intended to measure an individual's cognitive abilities.

Culture-fair intelligence tests

Intelligence tests designed to minimize the influence of cultural and social background on test performance.

Stereotype threat

The anxiety or fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's social group, which can affect their performance in academic or other settings.

Divergent thinking

The ability to generate multiple ideas or solutions to a problem, often characterized by unconventional or creative thinking.

Intellectual disability

A condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which can affect a person's ability to learn and function independently.

Learning disability

A neurological condition that affects how a person processes information and can impact their ability to learn and use certain skills, such as reading or writing.

Word recognition

The ability to identify and understand words by sight, without needing to sound them out.

Comprehension

The ability to understand and interpret the meaning of language, including written or spoken words, sentences, and passages.

Phonological awareness

The ability to identify and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) that make up words, including the ability to blend, segment, and manipulate sounds in spoken language.

Authoritarian parenting

A style of parenting characterized by strict rules, harsh discipline, and little warmth or responsiveness to a child's needs.

Authoritative parenting

A style of parenting that combines high expectations with warmth and support, and encourages children to develop independence and self-discipline.

Permissive parent

A style of parenting characterized by few rules or limits, and a high degree of warmth and responsiveness to a child's needs.

Uninvolved parents

A style of parenting characterized by low levels of both warmth and control, and little involvement in a child's life.

Direct instruction

A teaching approach that involves explicit and structured instruction, often with a focus on basic skills and knowledge.

Reinforcement

A consequence that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future.

Punishment

A consequence that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future.

Time-out

A punishment technique that involves removing a child from a situation or activity for a short period of time.

Open adoption

A type of adoption in which the birth parents and adoptive parents maintain some level of contact and communication.

Joint custody

A custody arrangement in which both parents share legal and/or physical custody of a child.

Blended family

A family in which two adults and their children from previous relationships come together to form a new family unit.

Ego resilience

The ability to adapt and cope with stress and adversity, and to recover from setbacks.

Friendship

A relationship between two or more individuals characterized by mutual affection, trust, and support

Co-rumination

A process in which friends repeatedly discuss and dwell on their problems, which can lead to increased stress and anxiety.

Dominance hierarchy

A system of social organization in which individuals or groups are ranked according to their status or power, often determined by competition or aggression.

Popular children

Children who are well-liked and have a high status among their peers.

Rejected children

Children who are consistently disliked or excluded by their peers.

Controversial children

Children who are both liked and disliked by their peers, often eliciting strong opinions.

Average children

Children who do not stand out in terms of popularity or rejection.

Neglected children

Children who are neither liked nor disliked by their peers, often going unnoticed.

Instrumental aggression

Aggression that is aimed at achieving a specific goal, such as obtaining a toy or asserting dominance.

Hostile aggression

Aggression that is motivated by anger or a desire to harm someone.

Cyberbullying

Bullying that takes place over digital devices, such as social media or text messages.

Puberty

The period of physical and sexual development during which a child's body matures into an adult's.

Primary sex characteristics

The reproductive organs, such as the ovaries and testes, that develop during puberty and are necessary for sexual reproduction.

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical traits, such as breast development or facial hair, that distinguish males and females and develop during puberty.

Menarche

The first menstrual period in females, typically occurring around age 12 or 13.

Spermarche

The first ejaculation of semen in males, typically occurring around age 13 or 14.

Anorexia nervosa

A serious eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, leading to severe calorie restriction and often excessive exercise.

Bulimia nervosa

A serious eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging, such as vomiting or using laxatives.

Preconventional level

The first stage of moral reasoning, in which individuals focus on their own needs and desires and may engage in behavior to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

Obedience orientation

A type of moral reasoning focused on avoiding punishment.

Instrumental orientation

A type of moral reasoning focused on gaining rewards.

Conventional level

The second stage of moral reasoning, in which individuals consider the social norms and expectations of their community and may conform to these to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Interpersonal norms

Social rules and expectations that guide behavior in specific relationships, such as between parent and child or teacher and student.

Social system morality

A type of moral reasoning focused on upholding social laws and maintaining order.

Postconventional level

The third and final stage of moral reasoning, in which individuals develop their own personal moral code based on universal ethical principles.

Social contract

A type of moral reasoning focused on upholding social contracts and agreements.

Universal ethical principles

A type of moral reasoning focused on adhering to universal principles, such as justice and human rights, regardless of social norms or expectations.

Adolescent egocentrism:

A tendency towards self-absorption and a belief that one's own thoughts and experiences are unique and significant.

Imaginary audience

A belief that one's own behavior is the focus of others' attention and scrutiny.