Functional Groups (USE THIS ONE)

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Chemistry

Last updated 5:30 AM on 9/15/26

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23 Terms

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Alkane (Substituent: alkyl)

a hydrocarbon with no multiple bonds
nonpolar
tetrahedral (sp3 hybridized)
free radical reactions

<ul><li><p>a hydrocarbon with no multiple bonds</p></li><li><p>nonpolar</p></li><li><p>tetrahedral (sp3 hybridized)</p></li><li><p>free radical reactions</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Alkene (Substituent: alkenyl)

a hydrocarbon with at least 1 C-C double bond
nonpolar
trigonal planar (sp2 hybridized)
addition reactions, oxidative cleavage
stability increases with # carbons attached

<ul>
<li>a hydrocarbon with at least 1 C-C double bond</li>
<li>nonpolar</li>
<li>trigonal planar (sp2 hybridized)</li>
<li>addition reactions, oxidative cleavage</li>
<li>stability increases with # carbons attached</li>
</ul>

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Alkyne (Substituent: alkynyl)

a hydrocarbon with at least 1 C-C triple bond
nonpolar
linear (sp hybridized)
addition reactions, oxidative cleavage, acid-base reactions

<ul>
<li>a hydrocarbon with at least 1 C-C triple bond</li>
<li>nonpolar</li>
<li>linear (sp hybridized)</li>
<li>addition reactions, oxidative cleavage, acid-base reactions </li>
</ul>

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Benzene Ring (Substituent: phenyl)

a 6-membered ring containing 3 alternating double bonds
substitution reactions (less reactive than normal alkenes bc aromaticity)

<ul>
<li>a 6-membered ring containing 3 alternating double bonds</li>
<li>substitution reactions (less reactive than normal alkenes bc aromaticity)</li>
</ul>

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Alcohol (Substituent: hydroxy)

OH group attached to C (unless attached to C=O)
polar (OH does hydrogen bonding)
acid-base reactions, substitution reactions, oxidation reactions

<ul>
<li>OH group attached to C (unless attached to C=O)</li>
<li>polar (OH does hydrogen bonding)</li>
<li>acid-base reactions, substitution reactions, oxidation reactions</li>
</ul>

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ether (Substituent: alkoxy)

an oxygen flanked by two carbons
borderline between polar and nonpolar (dipole-dipole)
acid-base reactions

<ul>
<li>an oxygen flanked by two carbons </li>
<li>borderline between polar and nonpolar (dipole-dipole)</li>
<li>acid-base reactions</li>
</ul>

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alkyl halide (Substituent: haloalkyl)

an alkyl group attached to a halogen
considered nonpolar but more polar than alkanes
substitution and elimination reactions

<ul>
<li>an alkyl group attached to a halogen</li>
<li>considered nonpolar but more polar than alkanes</li>
<li>substitution and elimination reactions</li>
</ul>

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amine (Substituent: amino)

a nitrogen attached to a simple carbon or hydrogen atoms
polar (N-H does hydrogen bonding)
acid-base, substitution reactions

<ul>
<li>a nitrogen attached to a simple carbon or hydrogen atoms</li>
<li>polar (N-H does hydrogen bonding)</li>
<li>acid-base, substitution reactions</li>
</ul>

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amide

<p></p><p class="is-empty is-editor-empty has-focus"></p>

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aldehyde (Substituent: oxo)

a carbonyl (C=O) attached to hydrogen and another carbon
C=O bond is somewhat polar
addition reactions

<ul>
<li>a carbonyl (C=O) attached to hydrogen and another carbon </li>
<li>C=O bond is somewhat polar</li>
<li>addition reactions</li>
</ul>

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ketone (Substituent: oxo)

a carbonyl (C=O) flanked by two carbons
C=O bond is somewhat polar
addition, acid-base reactions

<ul>
<li>a carbonyl (C=O) flanked by two carbons</li>
<li>C=O bond is somewhat polar</li>
<li>addition, acid-base reactions</li>
</ul>

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carboxylic acid (suffix: -oic acid)

a carbonyl (C=O) adjacent to a hydroxyl (OH) and an R group
acid-base, acyl substitution reactions

<ul>
<li>a carbonyl (C=O) adjacent to a hydroxyl (OH) and an R group</li>
<li>acid-base, acyl substitution reactions</li>
</ul>

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ester

a carbonyl group adjacent to an alkoxy (OR) and an R group
acyl substitution reactions and addition reactions

<ul>
<li>a carbonyl group adjacent to an alkoxy (OR) and an R group </li>
<li>acyl substitution reactions and addition reactions</li>
</ul>

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thiol (Substituent: mercapto)

sulfur-containing analogs of alcohols
acid-base reactions, substitution reactions

<ul>
<li>sulfur-containing analogs of alcohols</li>
<li>acid-base reactions, substitution reactions</li>
</ul>

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sulfide (suffix: sulfide)

a sulfur flanked by two carbon atoms
reduction reactions

<ul>
<li>a sulfur flanked by two carbon atoms </li>
<li>reduction reactions</li>
</ul>

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epoxide (suffix: oxide)

cyclic ethers consisting of a 3-membered ring containing 1 oxygen and two carbons
ring opening when treated with nucleophiles

<ul>
<li>cyclic ethers consisting of a 3-membered ring containing 1 oxygen and two carbons</li>
<li>ring opening when treated with nucleophiles</li>
</ul>

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nitrile (suffix: nitrile)

a molecule containing the CN group
reduction reactions, hydrolysis reactions

<ul>
<li>a molecule containing the CN group</li>
<li>reduction reactions, hydrolysis reactions</li>
</ul>

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acyl halide (suffix: -oyl halide)

Carboxylic acid derivatives where OH has been replaced by a halogen
acyl substitution reactions

<ul>
<li>Carboxylic acid derivatives where OH has been replaced by a halogen</li>
<li>acyl substitution reactions</li>
</ul>

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amide (suffix: amide)

nitrogen-containing analogues of esters
reduction reactions, hydrolysis reactions

<ul>
<li>nitrogen-containing analogues of esters</li>
<li>reduction reactions, hydrolysis reactions</li>
</ul>

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anhydride (suffix: anhydride)

oxygen atoms flanked by two acyl groups
acyl substitution reactions, reduction reactions

<ul>
<li>oxygen atoms flanked by two acyl groups</li>
<li>acyl substitution reactions, reduction reactions</li>
</ul>

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Nitro

a molecule containing the NO2 group
reduction reactions, acid-base reactions

<ul>
<li>a molecule containing the NO2 group </li>
<li>reduction reactions, acid-base reactions</li>
</ul>

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isopropyl

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isobutyl