World History Unit 8: Industrialization and Imperialism

Agricultural Revolution

In the 1800s, improved farming technology led to less farming jobs, which led to migration to cities.

Industrial Revolution

It made goods cheaper, resulted in low wages and poverty, and led to child labor.

Television

NOT one of the inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

Steam Engine

An industrial-age invention that was transformative in transportation.

Steam-powered railroad

Effects include cheaper transport of goods, ability to travel longer distances faster, and connection of ports with inland cities.

Laissez-faire

An economic system that lets business owners operate without government interference.

Europe's trade with China

Initially hindered because they were isolationist and self-sufficient.

Opium

What England smuggled into China to force them to trade.

Boxer Rebellion

NOT caused by anger about pork and beef being in their weapons.

Japan's defense against European influence

Modernized (industrialized) and imperialized Asia.

Berlin Conference

Decided borders in Africa by Europeans in 1884-85.

European imperialism in Africa

Driven by the desire for markets to force to buy their goods and natural resources to fuel industrialization.

Justification for imperialism

NOT that Europeans would starve if they didn't have the extra resources in Africa.

Ethiopia

The African nation that successfully resisted European imperialism under Menelik II.

Direct control imperialism

Overall goal is assimilation and adoption of the dominant nation's culture.

Suez Canal construction issue

Egypt had to borrow money from Europe that they couldn't pay back.

Britain

Took over the Suez Canal and eventually all of Egypt.

Jewel in the Crown

What India was called because of its abundance of natural resources and market for British goods.

Sepoy Mutiny

The conflict in which people of India rebelled against British (company) rule.

Mughal Empire leaders

The leaders were Muslim.

East India Trading Company

Had control of India before the Sepoy Mutiny.

Agricultural Revolution

A period in the 1700s marked by major changes in agriculture, including experimentation with crop rotation, invention of the seed drill, and enclosure of larger fields for more efficient farming.

Industrial Revolution

A period from 1700-1900 characterized by a large increase in machine-made items, where machines replaced human labor, beginning in England in the mid-1700s.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Factors including political stability in England, economic growth with banks, and abundant resources such as land, labor, capital, and natural resources like wet coal, lumber, and iron.

Steam Engine

Invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 to pump water out of mines, later improved by James Watt in 1764.

Railroads

Transportation systems using steam locomotives that grew in use, providing faster and more efficient movement of goods.

Capitalism

An economic system where each part of the manufacturing process is privately owned.

Socialism

An economic system that challenges capitalism, advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production.

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Urbanization, factories producing goods at lower prices, increased availability and affordability of goods, and changes in gender roles and types of labor.

Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Increased global competition, race for resources, technological and economic dominance by Europe and America, and societal issues like child labor and unfair wages.

Women's Rights during the Industrial Revolution

More women entered the workforce and participated in the fight for abolition of slavery, advocating for gender equality.

Labor Reforms

Changes sought to improve unregulated factory working conditions.

Housing during the Industrial Revolution

People lived in tenements, often overcrowded and unsanitary.

Public Health during the Industrial Revolution

Health issues arose from urbanization and industrialization, prompting calls for reforms.

Education during the Industrial Revolution

Increased focus on education as a means to improve societal conditions.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Economic Imperialism

Control of a country's economy by foreign powers.

The Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain over trade, particularly the opium trade.

The Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China from 1850 to 1864 against the Qing Dynasty.

The Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China from 1899 to 1901.

Long-term impacts of imperialism on China

Economic, social, and political changes resulting from foreign domination.

Meiji Restoration

The period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan from 1868 onwards.

Long-term impacts of industrialization on Japan

Significant economic, social, and political transformations resulting from modernization.

The Scramble for Africa

The competition among European nations for territory in Africa during the late 19th century.

The Berlin Conference

A meeting where European powers negotiated the division of Africa into colonies.

Ethiopian Resistance

Ethiopia's ability to resist European imperialism, notably under Emperor Menelik II in 1889, by turning Europeans against each other and modernizing its military.

The Suez Canal

A man-made waterway in Egypt connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, significant for trade.