Integument and Related Structures

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to the structure and functions of the integumentary system.

Desiccation

The process of drying out, often referring to the skin's ability to prevent water loss.

Keratinocytes

The predominant cell type in the epidermis responsible for forming the skin's barrier.

Keratinization

The process by which keratinocytes move from the basal layer to the surface of the skin, becoming dead, keratin-filled cells.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, consisting primarily of keratinocytes arranged in layers.

Dermis

The thicker layer of skin beneath the epidermis, composed of connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles.

Melanocytes

Cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead keratinized cells, providing a protective barrier.

Digital Pads

Thickened areas of skin on an animal’s paw that bear weight and provide cushioning.

Anagen Phase

The active growth phase of hair where cells divide and the hair grows longer.

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Glands that secrete sweat into hair follicles, primarily found in certain areas such as the armpits and groin.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that secrete oil (sebum) onto the skin surface, helping to lubricate and protect the skin.

Hair Follicle

The skin structure from which hair grows, containing the hair bulb and root.

Arrector Pili Muscle

A small muscle connected to hair follicles that causes hair to stand up when contracted.

Skin Sensory Receptors

Structures within the skin that respond to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Planum Nasale

The dry, often pigmented area of the nose in some animals, which has a reduced number of epidermal layers.

What are the layers of the epidermis?

The epidermis has five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.

What is the stratum germinativum?

The stratum germinativum, also known as the stratum basale, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is responsible for the generation of new skin cells and contains melanocytes that produce melanin.

What is the stratum spinosum?

The stratum spinosum is the second layer of the epidermis, situated above the stratum basale. It is characterized by keratinocyte cells that appear spiny due to desmosomal connections and provides strength and flexibility to the skin.

What is the stratum granulosum?

The stratum granulosum is the third layer of the epidermis, situated above the stratum spinosum. It contains keratinocytes that produce keratohyalin, contributing to the skin's barrier function and water retention.

What is the stratum lucidum?

The stratum lucidum is a thin, transparent layer of the epidermis found only in thick skin areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It provides an additional layer of protection and helps reduce friction.