World History II Midterm Study Guide

History

The term for the story of humanity's past.

Political

The aspect of history that focuses on government.

Social

The aspect of history that focuses on everyday life and culture.

Economical

The aspect of history that focuses on money, trade, farming, or commerce.

Revolution

The term for a major or drastic change.

Renaissance

A period characterized by humanism, arts, and science.

Italy

The country where the Renaissance began.

Florence

The specific city-state where the Renaissance started.

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

Humanities

The subjects taught by the Ancient Romans and Ancient Greeks, such as grammar and history.

Rhetoric

The term used for the art of skillful speaking.

Patron

The term for a financial contributor or supporter.

Medici Family

The wealthy merchant class family that helped support the Renaissance financially.

Petrarch

The figure who organized the library of Ancient Greek and Roman manuscripts.

Vernacular

The term for the ordinary language of the people.

Gutenberg

The person who invented the printing press.

Printing Revolution Effects

Easier access to books and improved literacy rates.

Machiavelli

The author of the famous book "The Prince".

Shakespeare

The famous Renaissance English author, poet, and playwright.

Leonardo da Vinci

The Renaissance artist who painted the "Mona Lisa".

Michelangelo

The artist who created the painting "The Creation of Adam" on the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

Raphael

The Renaissance artist who created the painting "The School of Athens".

Protestant Reformation

A period of major protest against the Catholic Church where new Christian sects formed.

Martin Luther

The person who started the Protestant Reformation with the 95 Theses.

Indulgence

A pardon granted by the Catholic Church releasing a person from punishment for sin.

Sect

The term for the different branches of religion.

John Calvin

The person who started the Protestant sect focused on pre-destination.

Calvinism

The Protestant sect that focuses on the belief of Pre-Destination.

Anabaptist

The Protestant sect that believes in adult baptism.

Atheism

The term for the lack of any belief in the existence of God or any Gods.

Monotheism

The term for the belief in only one God.

Polytheism

The term for the belief in many Gods.

Blasphemy

The term used for religious treason.

Excommunicated

The term for being removed or thrown out of a religious group or Church.

Henry VIII

The person who removed England from the Roman Catholic Church to start the English Reformation.

Annulment

The term for canceling a marriage within the Catholic Church for just cause.

Church of England

The Protestant sect formed as a result of the English Reformation.

Tudor

The last name of the Kings and Queens of England (Henry VII through Elizabeth I).

Catherine of Aragon

The English Queen from Spain whose marriage to Henry VIII was annulled.

Anne Boleyn

The English Queen beheaded for treason who was once Henry VIII's mistress.

Huguenot

The term for a French Protestant.

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Violence at a French Royal Wedding where thousands of Protestants were killed.

Catholic Reformation

The attempts by the Catholic Church in the 16th century to fix its own corruption.

Council of Trent

The group formed by the Pope to help the Catholic Church fix its corruption.

Inquisition

A Church Court that used secret testimony and torture to rule out heresy.

Jesuits

Catholic priests trained to be soldiers and missionaries to spread the faith globally.

Censorship

The term for the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.

Terrorism

The unlawful use of force and violence to intimidate a government or civilian population.

Osama Bin Laden

The person who funded the 9/11 attacks and chose the participants.

KSM

The individual who planned the 9/11 attacks.

Mohammad Atta

The individual whose misplaced bags helped locate 9/11 attack plans.

Al Qaeda

A network of Islamic fundamentalist groups founded in 1988 responsible for 9/11.

George W. Bush

The U.S. President during 9/11 and the start of the War on Terror.

9/11 Attack Locations

Manhattan (NY), Arlington (VA), and Shanksville (PA).

Articles of Confederation

The first failed Constitution of the United States.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 Amendments of the United States Constitution.

Article 1

The article of the Constitution that creates the Legislative Branch.

Article 2

The article of the Constitution that creates the Executive Branch.

Article 3

The article of the Constitution that creates the Judicial Branch.

Cartographer

The term for a mapmaker.

Compass

The tool that measured direction (North, South, East, West).

Astrolabe

The tool that could measure latitude and longitude at sea.

Caravel

New boats with large sails and sternpost rudders used for exploration.

Circumnavigate

The term for sailing around the globe.

Maritime

The term for relating to sea navigation, adventure, and discovery.

Indigenous

Something originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.

Missionary

A person sent on a religious mission to promote Christianity.

Cape

A high point of land that narrowly extends into a body of water.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese leader who theorized sailing around Africa to reach the Spice Islands.

Bartholomeu Diaz

The Portuguese explorer who rounded the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope).

Vasco Da Gama

The Portuguese explorer who reached the port of Calicut in India.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer for Spain who landed in the Caribbean/Bahamas region.

San Salvador

The island Columbus landed on first and claimed for Spain.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian explorer whose charts proved the Americas were separate continents.

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who cut through Panama and named the Pacific Ocean.

Ferdinand Magellan

Explorer credited with the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Pedro Cabral

The Portuguese explorer who claimed Brazil for Portugal.

Ponce de León

The Spanish Conquistador who claimed Puerto Rico and Florida for Spain.

Conquistador

The term for a Spanish Conqueror.

Encomienda

The right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans.

Viceroy

Official governing representative who ruled in the name of the King.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, people, and diseases from Europe to the Americas.

Hernán Cortés

The Spanish Conquistador who invaded and conquered the Aztecs.

Aztecs

Native tribe from modern-day Mexico conquered by Cortés.

Moctezuma

The Aztec Emperor killed during the overtaking of Tenochtitlan.

Francisco Pizarro

The Spanish Conquistador who invaded and conquered the Incas.

Incas

Native tribe from modern-day Peru conquered by Pizarro.

Atahualpa

The Incan Emperor killed after being held for ransom.

Tainos

The native tribe from the Bahamas that first came into contact with Columbus.

Peninsulares

People in Spanish America who were born in Spain.

Creoles

American-born descendants of Spanish settlers.

Mestizos

People of mixed Native American and Spanish descent.

Mulattos

People of mixed African and Spanish descent.

Geopolitical

Relating to politics as influenced by geographical factors.

Jamestown, VA

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.

Plymouth, MA

Settlement established in 1620 by the Pilgrims seeking religious freedom.

William Penn

The Quaker founder of Pennsylvania who advocated for religious tolerance and fair treatment of others.

Philadelphia

A Greek word meaning "The City of Brotherly Love."

Lenape

The Native American tribe that originally lived in the Pennsylvania region and signed a peace treaty with William Penn.

Penn Treaty

A famous agreement between William Penn and the Lenape people to live in peace and friendship.