Marine Bio 1

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124 Terms

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coriolis effect

how the rotation of earth causes the atmosphere to be deflected right in Northern hemisphere and left in Southern hemisphere

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northern hemisphere

where warm air near the equator rises and moves towards the pole

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intertropical convergence zone

are where winds are relatively calm due to the trade winds converging

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westerlies

leftover air that doesn’t descend at 30 N or 30 S , generated by air heated by solar radiation and rising at the equator, then cooled and dropping at ~30 degrees. causes tropics and deserts.

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hadley cell

low latitude air movement towards the equator,

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ferrel Cell

Mid-latitude atmospheric circulation cell

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polar cells

Air rises, diverges, and travels toward the poles

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wind

surface currents are dictated primarily by _____

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depth contours

ocean currents are dictated primarily by _____

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ekman spirals

clockwise/counter-clockwise spiral in the northern/southen hemispheres, driven by wind and earths rotation

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thermohaline circulation

deep-ocean currents driven by differences in water density

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global conveyor belt

exchange of high density cold water for low density warm water

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upwelling

where water is heated and rises to the surface, helps to bring nutrients/CO2 from the bottom to the top

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downwelling

occurs when wind causes surface water to build up along coastline

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melting glacier

will slow down the conveyor belt by adding more freshwater and making mixing less likely

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wave

result from forces acting on the water surface, enegry passing through water, NOT water itself moving

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generating force

forces that act on the water and produce disturbances (waves)

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restoring force

the force that returns water to an undisturbed state

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ripples (capillary waves)

small wave where the restoring force in the water tension

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gravity waves

a large wave that displaces lots of water, the restoring force is gravity

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crest

peak height of the wave

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wavelength

distance between two wave crests

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trough

bottom of wave

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wave height

distance from crest to trough

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wind speed, duration, water depth, and fetch

four main factors influencing wave creation

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ocean productivity

number of organisms that the ocean can support with food resources

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hypoxic

areas that are considered dead-zones, high N-P content from fertilizers coming from land through lotic systems

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lithosphere

area >11 km underground

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hydrosphere

area containing all water ecosystems

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atmosphere

area 8 km above ground

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primary productivity

rate at which organic compounds are produced from inorganic materials

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detritus

the initial cause of energy loss to the water column

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marine snow

showers of small organic particles to deeper zones of the ocean

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10

about _____% of energy is passed on through trophic levels

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estuaries

partially closed off areas that receive constant freshwater input

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kelp forests

cold water ecosystem with large brown algae

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coral reefs

complex ecosystem with high biodiversity and lots of habitat

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pelagic

zone consisting of all the water column, not associated with the shore or bottom

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benthic

the bottom zone of a water body

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neritic

zone that is near shore and close to the continental shelf

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oceanic

zone that is offshore/non-neritic

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economic exclusion zone (EEZ)

area that a county has access to the fisheries’ resources (~200km offshore)

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heterogeneous

ocean environments are _____

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microhabitat

very small habitat characterized by specific conditions

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optimal range

area where an organism is most able to survive and reproduce

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zone of physiological stress

area where an organism can be found, but its hard to survive and reproduce

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zone of intolerance

area where an organism cannot survive or reproduce

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phytoplankton

largest group of photosynthetic organisms in the ocean

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ectothermic

organisms that maintain a similar body temperature to their environment

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endothermic

organisms that generate their own heat

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homeostasis

internal equilibrium that allows for bodily functions to occur

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high

structural degradation and loss of function occur at _____ temperatures (more deadly)

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low

slowing of reactions occurs at _____ temperatures (can be countered by compounds in blood)

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habitat selection

often a compromise between temperature and physiological needs

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salinity

concentration of dissolved inorganic salts in water

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hypertonic

loosing water to the environment (too much salt)

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hypotonic

gaining water from the environment (not enough salt)

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osmoregulator

organism that can regulate their internal osmotic environment within a narrow range

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senohaline

organisms that can only tolerate small changes in a solute concentration

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euryhaline

organisms able to osmoregulate over a wide range of environmental conditions

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oparin-haldane hypothesis

suggests that life arose gradually from inorganic molecules (amino acids formed complex polymers)

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great oxidation event

occured ~2.5 billion years ago when photosynthesis began

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oceanic crust

thinner (5-8km) crust that consists of basal rock and formed <200 million year ago

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continental crust

thicker (30-70km) crust that consists of granite and formed 4 million years ago

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subduction zone

area where old crust in recycled into the mantle/core

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lithosphere

area of ridged plates separated by trenches, ridges, faults, and earthquakes

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theory of plate tectonics

states that the youngest material is found closest to the borders of tectonic plates

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riff communities

communities that don’t rely on sunlight, rather warmth and chemicals from crust riffs

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bathyographic

physical features of the ocean bottom, change more slowly that topographic

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continental shelf

a nearshore, relatively shallow extension of the continental crust covered by new sediment from erosion/deposition. often very productive

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hydrogenous

sediments in water

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biogenous

sediments from organisms

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cosmogenous

sediments from space

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lithogenous

sediments on the seafloor or land

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water

naturally exists at all three states on earth, considered the universal solvent

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gas

state of matter that is more soluble in cold water

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charged particles

more soluble in warm water

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hydrophilic

charged particles that are attracted to water and will dissolve easily

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surface tension

phenomenon where water will pack more tightly at the surface due to its charge

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65

_____% of light is absorbed withing the first meter of depth

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1

_____% of light makes it past 100 meters

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blue

wavelength that penetrates the deepest into the ocean

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phytoplankton

more productive water appears green due to _____

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viscosity

internal friction of a fluid (its resistance to change)

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inertia

resistance of a body to a change in its state of motion

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reynolds number

ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces, expressed as a number (water has value of 1)

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friction drag

resistance caused by friction of a body moving through water

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pressure drag

resistance caused by pressure differences from displacement of water during movement

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freshwater

is less dense and will sit on the surface when melting/flowing in

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salt water

is more dense and will sink to the bottom of a water body

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3.5

the ocean has an average salinity of ~_____%, but varies from place to place

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tide

the result of the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the ocean

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tidal force produced by the moon is _____% stronger than the sun

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centrifugal force

balance the pull of the earth with its center mass acting opposite to gravitational forces

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flood tide

level of tide where water rises up the shoreline

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high tide

level of tide where water reaches its highest level

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ebb tide

level of tide where tide reverses direction and retreats down the shoreline

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low tide

level of tide where the water is at its lowest

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semidiurnal

two high tides and two low tides each day, similar in magnitude, more common in the Atlantic and Indian

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mixed semidiurnal

two high tides and two low tides, different in magnitude, more common in the Pacific