6.5 - 6.9

Bid rent theory

The value land is influenced by distance to the city center or CBD (central business district)

• The businesses closest to the CBD make substantial profits and need to be available for customers

• Manufacturing and warehouses need space and access to transportation services

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Based on 1920 Chicago development

Ring 1: (middle point) Bid rent theory → CBD has the most expensive land and major economic activity

Ring 2: (zone of transition) industry and low income appartments

Ring 3: also low income housing. High population density and poor living conditions

Ring 4 & 5: Lower population density. Cheaper land. Single family homes

Hoyt Sector Model

Based on improving the Concentric Zone Model. Uses sectors and wages to determine land use pattern

• Sectors develop a long transportation routes

• Low income housing surrounds industry and transportation routes

• Middle and high income housing developed further from CBD and industry (pollution)

Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

Cities develop around multiple focal points and build outwards. Sight and situationtal factors influence land-use patterns.

• smaller business districts in various locations as well as major CBDs

• Manufacturing and industry near transportation routes

• smaller businesses locate near each other to take advantage of labor pools and suppliers

• middle/high income farther from industry

Galactic City Model

Most modern, Developed in the 1980s

Focuses on the decentralization and suburbanization of urban environments

• Automobiles in the 1950s caused cities to develop differently

• Includes edge cities (located near transportation routes)

Ex: Detroit

Latin American City Model

Characterized by “spine” from the modernized CBD in the center, through wealthy housing and connects to a secondary urban center called the mall

• Spine: High-end commercial sector

• Market: traditional market

housing becomes less expensive farther from the CBD due to lack of critical infrastructure

• Disamenety Zones: Typpicaly steep, mountainous locations that are not connected to city services due to dangerous terrain (chiled protective services)

African City Model

characterized by 3 CBDs

Reflects colonialism

• Traditional CBD: Small shops, narrow streets

• Colonial CBD: Big straight streets, often in a grid. Government buildings with European architectural styles

• Market zone: Traditional open-air markets

Mostly outdated but 3 CBDs can still be seen in some African cities

Southeast Asian City Model

Characterized by a Port Zone, export oriented (no CBD)

• Alien commercial zone: Chinese immigrant businesses

• Western commercial zone: European merchants (result of colonialism)

• Market gardening zone: distinctive to other models due to the climate and land use in South East Asian countries

Older cities developed before transportation technology →

• residential and areas of work are within waking distance

• more apartment buildings in city center, higher population densities, and less space for cars.

Newer cities developed after transportation technology →

• People own larger plots of land (suburbs)

• suburban sprawl, economic segregation, and culture of privacy

Zoning is ___

Zoning is a regulation about what type oft development or land use can occur in a specific location.

• floor limit

• residential, commercial, or industrial

zoning changing from allowing single family homes to allowing apartment buildings →

• housing density would increase

• increasing affordable housing and access to infrastructure and high quality services.

Infilling definition?

The redevelopment of vacant land to improve the surrounding area.

industrial to offices, housing, or residential. → increasing density and changing land use pattern

Ex: Longworth Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio; warehouse → offices, wedding venue, and entertainment.

Infrastructure Definition?

The basic support systems needed to keep a society and economy running smoothly

(Transportation systems, Wifi, Power lines, Schools, Fire departments, etc.)

favelas are

poor slums

Locations within a city have high quality infrastructure are typically ___

more economically and socially developed

• Infrastructure is typically funded by the government via tax revenue

  (economically prosperous areas will have better infrastructure)

Locations within a city have low quality infrastructure are typically ___

less economic and socially developed

(favelas/squatter settlements, periphery and semi-periphery countries)

• Infrastructure may be informally developed by people due to lack of assistance from the government

How does access to a strong network of hospitals encourage social development?

• Available high-paying healthcare jobs → less unemployment

• Treatment and prevention of disease → less spread of illness → healthier population

How does access to transportation routes encourage economic development?

• Employees are able to easily travel to work, spend less on transportation, and stimulate the economy

• Businesses have reliable ways to transport goods → stimulate the economy → higher more workers

How does a lack of access to hospitals negatively impact social development?

• Less high-paying healthcare jobs available → more unemployment

• Less treatment and prevention of disease and illness → more illness → unhealthy population

How does a lack of access to transportation routes negatively impact economic development?

• Employees are unable to easily travel to work, more money spent on transportation rather than stimulation the economy.

• Businesses cannot reliably transport goods → they spend more on transportation → they make less money

qualitative data vs quantitative data?

qualitative data: memories (Dolores Wilson, age 83 discusses the impact of the demolition of the infamous Cabrini-Green housing project in Chicago)

quantitative data: the census, population data

How they are both used: Both quantitative and qualitative data are used by city governments, policy-makers, and other organizations in order to analyze the cause and effects of urban changes. 

• qualitative: public opinions towards urban change

• quantitative: data

Consider what the City of Cincinnati government could conclude based on this data. What infrastructure could be developed to alleviate this issue?

Affordable housing? ASK

Smart Growth/New Urbanism policies

• The two terms are used interchangeably

Attempts to reduce urban sprawl and develop sustainable urban spaces. (Less suburbia)

• Utilization of mixed-use development zoning policies to increase the use of already existing urban structures

• Creates walkable cities

• Maintains Spence of place

what is Mixed-Use Development and what is its intent?

Planned urban development that includes multiple uses (retail, residential, educational, recreational, and business)

• Traditional zoning policies only allow for one type of development

Intended to increase resedential density and reduce travel times

• Increases walkability

Key characteristic of smart growth policies/New Urbanism

What are the effects of walkability?

(characteristic of mixed-use developments)

1. Greatly decreases urban sprawl

2. reduces pollution

Caused by the implementation of infrastructure to safely accommodate and encourage pedestrians and bicyclists

Sustainable Urban Design Characteristics

1. Transportation Oriented Development

2. Greenbelts

3. Slow Growth Cities

What are the effects of Transportation Oriented Development?

(aspect of sustainable urban development)

1. Decreases air pollution

2. Reduces traffic

3. allows valuable urban land to be used to create mixed-use developments instead of parking lots

(busses, Subway systems, Commuter train lines)

40% of Washington DC residents use public transportation

• It located mixed- use communities near mass transit stops → more compact cities → decreased automobile need

What are Greenbelts?

An area of green space (parks, agricultural land, or forests) intended to limit urban sprawl

• Allows cities to annex land

• AKA, urban growth boundary

• Limits pollution and protect wildlife habitats

• Historically used in Great Britain but wildly spread

What are the negatives of urban sprawl?

• Placelessness, lack of identity or culture

• Dependence on automobiles results in pollution and traffic congestion. 

• Economically exclusive - often those who remain in the city are in poverty and do not pay enough taxes to sustain the urban core. 

  • Leads to economic decline, urban decay

  • Government investment in continued suburban growth resulted in a lack of investment in inner cities

What are slow Growth cities?

Another sustainable urban design policy

• An initiative intends to decrease the rate that cities grow outward in an attempt to reduce urban sprawl

• Similar smart growth but within the CBD

Achieved through:

1. greenbelts

2. zoning policies to restrict the development of land

Utilizes urban growth boundaries to place a geographic limit on development surrounding a city.

Ex: Boulder, Colorado and Portland, Oregon

What are the positives of sustainable urban design?

1. Reduction of urban sprawl

2. Improved walkability

3. Improved transportation

4. Diverse housing Options

5. Improved Livability

6. Reduction of negative environmental impact of cities

What are the negatives of sustainable urban design?

• Increased housing costs

  • New developments are desirable → real estate prices rise. Not affordable for low income residence

• Limits single family home and school choices

• Limits the autonomy of automobile ownership

• De facto segregation

  • Low income families and families of color cannot afford to live in the city and are forced to move out.

• Potential loss of historical or place character or increase placelessness

Do this and that one sheet

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Zcymmzcgs7U8fTLYXxOBptpGAlU1mgD93ayuHuzsvCA/edit

Smart growth vs slow Growth?

Both are “intransitives” that intend to reduce urban sprawl

Smart growth: outside of the CBD

• Ex: greenbelts

• Mixed-Use Development

Slow Growth: Inside the CBD

• Ex: greenbelts, Walkability

what is functional zonation?

portions of a city have distinct purposes (Zones)

peripheral model

A variant of the multiple-nuclei that describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city with nodes of commercial activity along a ring or beltway

what is fitering?

when houses pass from one social group to another in suburbs. Typically when wealthier residents move out, when less wealthy residents move, it creates a ripple effect.

what is invasion/succession?

terms used to describe when one social group or ethnicity gradually replaces another through filtering.

what is Urban infill?

the process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences.

Ex: Central Park Colorado, Civita California (mixed housing, public transit, and solar panels)

what is the suburbanization of business?

the movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs due to cheaper rent → decreased job opportunities, consumer choices, and services in cities

• strip malls

• offices and businesses services have been moved to the suburbs

Does land become cheaper as you move farther from the CBD everywere?

No, only in America and Canada. Many European countries have high-rise apartments farther from the CBD due to its history.

what is municipal?

A therm used to describe local government and the services it provides.

What is municipality?

A local entity under the same jurisdiction. (local government)

What is Incorporation?

The act of legally joining together to form a new city. They usually lack a true CBD and function as bedroom communities

What are bedroom communities?

A residential suburb inhabited largely by people who commute to a nearby city for work.

What are unincorporated areas?

Areas that do not follow under the legal boundary of any city.

Frankfort vs Lagos

Frankfort: highly integrated into transportation and communication networks and is a very important data exchange center as telecommunications is an integral part of the cities infrastructure

Lagos: due to unplanned population growth it lacks vital infrastructure

Examples of US states that use Greenbelt policies

New Jersey, Rhode Island, Washington, Tennessee, and Oregon

What are New urbanism’s major obstacles

1. The existed system of zoning continues to sprawl

2. People accustomed to traditional land-use patterns in cities were not easily convinced that the new urbanism was an improvement

Denver example of new urbanism

A new urban neighborhood changed its name to disassociate with a closed airport named after a racist former politician

What is Livability?

A set of principles that supports sustainable urban designs

1. Affordable and equitable housing

2. Access to employment

3. Access to community services

4. multiple and accessible transportation modes

5. social and civic engagement

Equitable: fairness in treatment

What is Urban Decay?

When a city falls into disrepair