Chemistry Matter/Elements

The study of composition, structure, and properties of matter

Chemistry

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Matter

The amount of matter in an object. Expressed in g, kg, tons, pounds

Mass

The gravitational force of an object. Expressed in Newton

Weight

Exact space occupied by an object. Impenetrability property: no two objects can occupy the same space at the same time

Volume

The amount of matter in a given volume of material.

Density

The basic building blocks that make up matter. Made up of protons, electrons, neutrons

Atoms

Atomic models where the atom is hard and indestructible

Billiard Ball Model

Atomic models where the electrons are embedded in a positively-charged sphere

Plum Pudding Model

Atomic models where the mass and all of the positive charge of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus

Nuclear Model

Atomic models where electrons travel around the nucleus in a circular orbit; their energy is proportional to their distance from the nucleus

Planetary Model

Atomic models where the electron is a wave, found in orbital

Quantum Model

Form of matter with a constant composition

Pure Substance

The simplest form of matter cannot be broken down into smaller components

Elements

The one who created table of contents

Dmitri Mendeleev

The most common and lightest element in the universe

Hydrogen

The second most abundant element in universe but it is very rare on Earth

Helium

The most common element on Earth by mass

Oxygen

The first man made element

Technetium

In periodic table, the charged atom

Ion

In periodic table, the negatively-charged; gain electrons; electrons > protons

Anion

In periodic table, the positively-charged; loss of electrons; electrons < protons

Cation

In periodic table, the energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Ionization energy

In periodic table, the energy released when an electron is added to an atom

Electron Affinity

In periodic table, the ability to attract electrons

Electronegativity

A lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity

Metal

Poor conductors of heat and electricity

Non-metals

Have some characteristics of either metals or non-metals (silicon, boron, arsenic)

Metalloid

Highly reactive metals. Have one excess electron which they tend to lose; hence, they usually have a charge of +1, usually form compounds with halogens. e.g Na

Alkali metals

Highly reactive non-metals. Lack one electron on their outer shell which they try to acquire from other atoms; hence, they usually have a charge of -1, usually form compounds with akali metals. e.g Cl

Halogens

Also called inert gases and unreactive. They very stable elements owing to their full outer shell of eight electrons

Noble Gases

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

Isotopes

It describes how electrons are distributed in their atomic orbitals

Electron Configuration

The number of “excess” electrons of an atom

Valence electrons

Principle that every element has the same electronic configuration as the element before it in the periodic table, plus one extra

Aufbau Principle

Electrons tend to stay unpaired in orbitals with equal energies

Hund’s Rule