Packet 14 - Time Period 3 (1750-1900) - AP World - Responses to Imperialism

Monocultures (Responses to Imperialism, Latin America)

Systems where colonies grew a single cash crop for export, creating economic dependence and reducing biodiversity while empowering imperial powers.

Cassava (Responses to Imperialism, Central Africa)

A hardy root crop introduced by Europeans that became a major African staple, reshaping diets and agricultural patterns under colonial rule.

Tupac Amaru II (Responses to Imperialism, Latin America)

Leader of a massive 1780–1781 Andean revolt against Spanish rule, whose uprising exposed deep resentment toward colonial labor abuses.

Samory Toure (Responses to Imperialism, West Africa)

A West African military leader who resisted French expansion by creating a centralized state and waging prolonged guerrilla warfare.

Yaa Asantewaa War (Responses to Imperialism, West Africa)

A conflict in which the Asante queen mother led resistance against British attempts to control the Golden Stool in 1900.

Sepoy Rebellion (Responses to Imperialism, South Asia)

A widespread 1857 uprising by Indian soldiers in the British army that challenged colonial authority and led to direct British Crown rule.

Indian National Congress (Responses to Imperialism, South Asia)

A political organization founded in 1885 that became the central movement advocating for greater Indian rights and ultimately independence.

Sokoto Caliphate (Responses to Imperialism, West Africa)

A major Islamic state formed through jihad in the early 1800s that later resisted British conquest before being absorbed into Nigeria.

Usman dan Fodio (Responses to Imperialism, West Africa)

A Fulani Islamic scholar who launched a religious reform movement in 1804 that founded the Sokoto Caliphate.

Cherokee Nation (Responses to Imperialism, North America)

An Indigenous group that adopted written laws and a constitution to defend sovereignty against U.S. encroachment.

Trail of Tears (Responses to Imperialism, North America)

The forced relocation of southeastern Native American nations to Oklahoma, causing mass death during U.S. expansion.

Jim Crow Laws (Responses to Imperialism, North America)

State racial segregation laws in the U.S. South that institutionalized discrimination after Reconstruction.

Zulu Kingdom (Responses to Imperialism, Southern Africa)

A powerful state built through military reform and expansion that confronted British imperial forces in the late 19th century.

Anglo-Zulu War (Responses to Imperialism, Southern Africa)

The 1879 conflict in which the Zulu Kingdom initially defeated British forces at Isandlwana but was ultimately conquered.

Ghost Dance (Responses to Imperialism, North America)

A spiritual movement among Plains tribes promising renewal and the disappearance of European settlers, culminating in the Wounded Knee massacre.

Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement (Responses to Imperialism, Southern Africa)

A millenarian movement where the Xhosa slaughtered their cattle believing it would expel the British, resulting in widespread famine.

Pan Africanism (Responses to Imperialism, Multiple Regions)

A political and cultural movement promoting unity among people of African descent in response to global racial oppression.

Mahdist Wars (Responses to Imperialism, North Africa)

A Sudanese Islamic revival movement led by Muhammad Ahmad that defeated Egyptian-British forces before being reconquered.

Maori (Responses to Imperialism, Oceania)

The Indigenous people of New Zealand who resisted British land seizures through organized warfare and legal challenges.

Maji Maji Rebellion (Responses to Imperialism, East Africa)

A 1905 uprising in German East Africa where fighters used spiritual beliefs in “sacred water” to resist brutal colonial policies.

Empress Cixi (Responses to Imperialism, East Asia)

A Qing regent who opposed many Western-oriented reforms while navigating foreign pressures in late 19th-century China.

100 Days Reform (Responses to Imperialism, East Asia)

A rapid modernization program in 1898 China aiming to reform education, government, and the military, halted by conservative leaders.

Taiping Rebellion (Responses to Imperialism, East Asia)

A massive civil war led by a heterodox Christian movement that sought radical social reforms and severely weakened Qing rule.

Hong Xiuquan (Responses to Imperialism, East Asia)

The founder of the Taiping movement who believed he had a divine mission to restructure Chinese society.

Boxer Rebellion (Responses to Imperialism, East Asia)

A violent anti-foreign uprising in 1900 China targeting missionaries and Western influence, crushed by an international coalition.

Tongzhi Restoration (Responses to Imperialism, East Asia)

A Qing effort to strengthen the dynasty after internal rebellions by adopting selective Western military and administrative reforms.

Aboriginal (Responses to Imperialism, Oceania)

Indigenous peoples of Australia who faced displacement, disease, and violent suppression under British colonization.

Push factors (Migrations, Global)

Conditions such as famine, conflict, or lack of employment that drive people to leave their home region.

Pull factors (Migrations, Global)

Opportunities like jobs, land, or safety that attract migrants to new places.

Immigrate (Migrations, Global)

To enter and settle in a new country, often for improved living conditions.

Emigrate (Migrations, Global)

To permanently leave one’s country or region due to economic, political, or environmental pressures.

Migrate (Migrations, Global)

To move from one place to another, either within a country or across borders.

Ethnic enclaves (Migrations, Global)

Neighborhoods where migrants from the same culture cluster together for support, preserving language and traditions.

Indentured servitude (Migrations, Global)

A labor system where migrants worked under contract for passage, heavily used on plantations after slavery’s decline.

Chinatowns (Migrations, Global)

Urban ethnic enclaves formed by Chinese migrants facing discrimination and seeking mutual economic support.

Diaspora (Migrations, Global)

The dispersion of a people beyond their homeland, often maintaining cultural ties across long distances.

Penal Colony (Migrations, Oceania)

A settlement where convicts were transported for labor, most famously used by Britain in Australia.

Irish Potato Famine (Migrations, Europe)

A devastating blight in the 1840s that caused mass starvation and drove millions to migrate, especially to the United States.

Chinese Exclusion Act (Migrations, North America)

An 1882 U.S. law that banned Chinese labor immigration and became the first major federal restriction on a specific ethnic group.

White Australia Policy (Migrations, Oceania)

A set of laws aimed at restricting non-European immigration to maintain a predominantly white population.

Homesteading (Migrations, North America)

A U.S. land policy encouraging westward migration by granting settlers farmland in exchange for improving it.