Behavioral Approaches to Cessation of Risky Substances (Jois)

Addiction is defined as a __________ disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite known adverse consequences.

chronic relapsing

Addiction involves functional changes to brain circuits involved in __________, stress, and self-control.

reward

The D2 dopamine receptor levels in individuals with a history of cocaine use are __________ compared to those without such a history.

lower

The initial euphoria produced by drugs is often followed by __________ effects that differ by the type of drug used.

other

People use substances to 'feel good' because drugs can produce intense feelings of __________.

pleasure

Social anxiety, stress, and depression may lead individuals to use substances in an attempt to feel __________.

better

High levels of __________ can pressure individuals to try or continue using drugs, especially in teenagers.

performance expectations

Teenagers are particularly at risk for substance use due to __________ pressure from peers.

social

Biological factors that affect addiction can include genetics, stage of __________, and gender or ethnicity.

development

Genes and environmental factors together account for about __________ of a person's risk of developing an addiction.

40 to 60%

Environmental factors regarding addiction include influences from family, school, and the __________.

society or neighborhood

The more risk factors an individual has, the greater the chance that taking a drug will lead to __________.

substance use and addiction

Protective factors are those that reduce a person's overall risk for __________.

addiction

Home and family environments, such as parental drug use, can significantly increase a child's __________ risk.

drug

Peer influence during the teen years can lead even those without risk factors to try drugs for the __________ time.

first

Substances change the way the brain works, and some people's brains are more __________ to problematic substance use.

vulnerable

Binge intoxication is a stage associated with the __________, where pleasurable effects of a substance are experienced.

basal ganglia

Withdrawal is associated with the __________, where ordinary rewards lose their power.

extended amygdala

The craving for a substance after a period of abstinence is associated with the __________.

prefrontal cortex

Trauma can be categorized into acute, chronic, and __________ trauma.

complex

Adverse childhood experiences can lead to long-term negative health and emotional consequences and increase the risk of __________.

substance use

Experiencing emotional maltreatment in childhood increases the risk of __________ in the future.

problematic substance use

Early use of substances is thought to increase the likelihood of developing __________ problems later on.

serious

All addictive substances cause increases in the release of the neurotransmitter __________.

dopamine

Social and environmental factors, alongside neurobiology, have implications for substance use and __________.

addiction

The stress endured from adverse childhood experiences affects brain development, contributing to __________ health issues.

long-term negative

The three stages of problematic use can be thought about as a repetitive __________.

cycle

Addiction is now recognized as a true __________ disorder affecting brain function and behavior.

medical

Factors that increase the likelihood of addiction vary from person to person, with no __________ factor being the sole determinant.

single

Substance use disorders are influenced by both __________ and biological factors.

environmental

A significant part of addiction prevention is understanding the various __________ behind a person’s substance use and treatment.

factors