Molecules of Life Review

What four elements make up 96% of the human body?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

organic chemistry

carbon-based compounds associated with living organisms

inorganic chemistry

non-carbon-based compounds associated with non-living things

Carbon has \___ valence electrons.

4 (allows for 4 covalent bonds with other atoms)

carbonyl group

-C\=O

phosphate group

-PO4

amino group

-NH2

the four major organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

small building block molecules

monomers

dehydration synthesis

links monomers together to create a polymer by removing a molecule of water

What are carbohydrates made of?

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

isomers

compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

maltose

malted milkshakes

sucrose

plant sap, table sugar

glycogen

animal energy storage (muscle)

lipids functional group

carboxyl group (-COOH)

lipids monomers

glycerol and fatty acids

fatty acid tail of the lipid

non-polar (hydrophobic)

phospholipid structure

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group

proteins functions

structural component to living things (helps build muscle mass), control cell processes and reactions (enzymes), important for cellular structures, helps fight off diseases

There are \____ different amino acids.

20

If conditions of folding proteins are not right, the process will not take place or can be reversed, causing the proteins to not function.

denaturation

conditions of folding proteins

pH, temperature

types of nucleic acids

RNA and DNA

Carbon can form both \____ and \___ molecules (macromolecules).

small; large

functional groups

the non-hydrocarbon parts of the molecule

hydroxyl group

-OH

carboxyl group

-COOH

large molecules made of many monomers bonded together

polymers

hydrolysis

breaks down a polymer into a monomer by adding a molecule of water

carbohydrates function

main source of short term energy

carbohydrates functional groups

hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (-C\=O)

carbohydrate monomers

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

monosaccharide examples

glucose, fructose, galactose

glucose

main product of photosynthesis

fructose

found in fruits

galactose

found in milk

carbohydrate polymers

disaccharides and polysaccharides

disaccharides

double sugar forms when 2 monosaccharides combine in a dehydration synthesis reaction

disaccharides examples

maltose, sucrose, lactose

lactose

sugar found in milk

polysaccharides

a molecule made of many monosaccharides

polysaccharide examples

starch, glycogen, cellulose

starch

plant energy storage

cellulose

gives plants structure (cell wall)

What are lipids made of?

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

lipids function

long term energy storage in animals, aid in insulation and protection (adipose tissue), makes up cell membrane (phospholipids), hormones and vitamins, waterproof coverings

glycerol part of the lipid

polar (hydrophilic)

How do types of fats differ?

structure

How many carbon bonds do saturated fats have?

single bond between carbons

Saturated fats are \___ at room temperature.

solid

saturated fats examples

butter, animal fats

How many carbon bonds do unsaturated fats have?

at least one or more double bond or triple bond between carbons

Unsaturated fats are \___ at room temperature.

liquid

unsaturated fats example

oil

triglyceride structure

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

triglyceride function

long term storage of energy

phospholipid function

component of cell membranes

steroid structure

4 fused rings with functional groups attached

steroid function

component of cell membranes (cholesterol), starting material for sex hormones

What are proteins made of?

CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)

proteins monomers

amino acids

proteins functional groups

amino (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH)

R-group is \___ for each type of amino acid.

different

proteins polymers

polypeptide chain

\___ bond to form dipeptides and polypeptide chains.

amino acids

covalent bond between amino acids

peptide bond

steps to go from amino acid to protein

1) primary structure 2) secondary structure 3) tertiary structure 4) quaternary structure

1. primary structure

form a chain of amino acids

2. secondary structure

twist or fold the chain of amino acids

3. tertiary structure

fold the chain onto itself

4. quaternary structure

bring 2 to 4 amino acid subunits together

What are nucleic acids made of?

CHONP (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus)

nucleic acids function

store and transmit info to carry out cell processes and make protein, transmit genetic info from one generation to the next

nucleic acids monomers

nucleotides

3 smaller subunits of nucleotides

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

nucleotides examples

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

nucleic acid polymers

nucleic acid

chain of nucleotides

polynucleotide