exam 2 anatomy lecture

Which of the following tissues is not innervated or vascularized?

a.     Bone

b.     Epithelia

c.      Cartilage

d.     Adipose tissue

c

Cell junctions that are important in cell communication are _______.

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a.tight junctions

b.gap junctions

c.desmosomes

plaques

b

Which of the following is NOT an example of passive transport?

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A.Diffusion

B.Facilitated diffusion

C.Pinocytosis

D.Osmosis

c

A cell (intracellular Nacl concentration:10%) that is placed in a solution with 50% concentration Nacl solution will ______.

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a.burst

b.crenate

c.remain the same

d.hydrate

b

Diffusion requires _______.

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a.a membrane

b.protein carriers

c.energy

d.none of the above

d

In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes line up along the midline or equator of the cell?

 

A.Metaphase

B.Telophase

C.Prophase

D.Anaphase

a

If a cell has 8 chromosomes before mitosis, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?

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A.2

B.4

C.8

D.16

c

In which stage of mitosis, chromosomal centromeres split, and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.

A.Anaphase

B.Interphase

C.Metaphase

Prophase

a

Every three nucleotides in a gene code for _________ amino acid(s).

A.Three

B.Two

C.One

D.zero

c

With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be in contact?

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A.Basal surface

B.Apical surface

C.Basal lamina

D.Reticular lamina

b

Apoptosis, or “programmed cell death,” is _________.

A.Abnormal

B.responsible for removing unnecessary tissue

C.Dangerous

D.responsible for creating twins

b

An RNA sequence is shown as : AUGCCGAAACGU

Which of the following statements describes how the RNA sequence specifies the production of an amino acid chain?

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A.Each group of three bases codes for an enzyme that binds amino acids together.

B.Each base codes for one amino acid.

C.Each set of three bases codes for a single amino acid.

D.Each base produces electrical signals sent to the cytoplasm to initiate protein assembly.

c

. All of the following are usually characteristics of epithelium EXCEPT __________.

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A.Avascularity

B.abundance of extracellular material

C.high rate of mitosis

tight junctions

b

Glands that secrete by rupture of cells are classified as __________.

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A.Endocrine

B.Merocrine

C.Holocrine

D.unicellular

c

An epithelial tissue has four layers of cells. The apical layer is flat, and the cells of the basal layer are taller than they are wide. This epithelial tissue would be classified as _________.

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A.simple squamous

B.simple columnar

C.stratified squamous

D.stratified columnar

d

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that is caused by which layer of the epidermis?

a.     Stratum basale

b.     Stratum corneum

c.      Stratum granulosum

d.     Stratum spinosum

d

Which of the following is NOT a step in tissue repair?

A) inflammation

B) restoration of blood supply

C) regeneration and fibrosis

D) formation of new stem cells

d

Which is true concerning muscle tissue?

A) highly cellular and well vascularized

B) cuboidal shape enhances function

C) contains contractile units made of collagen

D) is a single-celled tissue

a

) If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________.

A) potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

B) an unusable byproduct of active transport that will simply diffuse away

C) unwanted pressure that will be alleviated by channel mediated facilitated diffusion

D) a byproduct of active transport that will be alleviated by pinocytosis

a

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

ground substance, fibers, and cells

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

A) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock

B) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock

C) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

D) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus

c

Which of the following would NOT be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?

A) pinocytosis

B) exocytosis

C) osmosis

D) phagocytosis

c

Which of the following cells and their function are correctly matched?

A) keratinocytes – provide sense of touch and pressure

B) melanocytes – protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays

C) dendritic cells – activate the immune system

D) tactile cells – protection

c

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

reticular layer

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as ________.

a pump

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein?

A) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell.

B) Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.

C) Increasing the number of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract.

D) Lowering the energy of activation.

b

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that ________.

A) the concentration gradient for oxygen is steepness inside of the cell

B) the rate of oxygen diffusion is independent of concentration

C) oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells

D) oxygen requires active transport to enter most cells

c

Which layer of tissue is damaged in a first-degree burn?

epidermis

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________.

A) stopping water loss and preventing dehydration

B) preventing ultraviolet light from penetrating the deeper layers of the epidermis

C) allowing secretions like sweat or sebum to pass through

D) preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

d

Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?

stratum corneum

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?

stratum basale

All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection?

A) Greater production of melanin.

B) Increased secretions of defensins from skin cells.

C) Greater production of keratinocytes resulting in more layers of the stratum corneum.

D) More tight junctions between keratinocytes of the stratum corneum.

a

Which of the following tissues would contain chondrocytes?

cartilage

description, function, and location of simple cuboidal epithelium

description: single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

function: secretion and absorption

location: **kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface.**

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.     

A) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

B) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.

C) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.

D) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.

a

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?     

A) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

B) corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

C) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

D) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

c

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?

A) exocytosis

B) phagocytosis

C) pinocytosis

D) intracellular vesicular trafficking

c

A patient has suffered severe burns in a house fire. He reports feeling no pain. What degree of burn is this and the deepest region of skin affected.

A)2nd, dermis

B) 3rd,hypodermis

C) 3rd, dermis

D) 2nd, hypodermis

b

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________.

A) rRNA

B) mRNA

C) tRNA

D) ssRNA

b

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.     

A) the papillary layer but not the reticular layer

B) the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper

C) the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum

D) the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

d

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.

A) race

B) genetics

C) use of farm chemicals

D) overexposure to UV radiation

d

Which type of glands secret their products by exocytosis?

apocrine

All of the following are usually characteristics of epithelium EXCEPT __________.

a. avascularity

b. abundance of extracellular material

c. high rate of mitosis

d. tight junctions

b

Glands that secrete by rupture of cells are classified as __________.

holocrine

This is the most widespread connective tissue and serves as a universal packing material between other tissues.

areolar

All of the following contribute to skin color EXCEPT _________.

a. hemoglobin

b. carotene

c. keratin

d. melanin

keratin

The sweat glands that are important in body temperature regulation are the ______ glands.

a. eccrine

b. apocrine

c. ceruminous

d. sebaceous

a

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

a.         Cartilage

b.         Blood

c.          Bone

d.         Smooth muscle

d

Chemotherapy destroys cells in mitosis. Which type of tissue would be most affected by chemotherapy?

a.         Connective

b.         Epithelial

c.          Muscle

d.         Nervous

b

The walls of large arteries and walls of the bronchial tubes contain which kind of cartilage?

hyaline

. Of the four major tissue types, which type is avascular?

a.         Connective

b.         Epithelial

c.          Muscle

d.         Nervous

b

. Of the four major types of tissues, which type forms boundaries between different environments?

a.         Connective

b.         Epithelial

c.          Muscle

d.         Nervous

b

During organization of tissue repair, a blood clot is replaced by ___________.

granulation tissue

Which of the following is classified as a dry membrane?

cutaneous

Body membranes are usually composed of which two tissues?

epithelial and connective

Membranes that line open body cavities are classified as _______.

mucous

membranes that line closed body cavities are classified as

serous

Which of the following is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone?

A) living cells

B) lacunae

C) blood vessels

D) organic fibers

b

The primary blast cell for bone is the ________.

osteoblast

. Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?

A) pseudostratified columnar

B) simple columnar

C) simple squamous

D) simple cuboidal

c

Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ________.

A) cells and fibers

B) fibers and ground substance

C) ground substance and cells

D) all organic compounds

b

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.

b

The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.

elastic cartilage

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue?

simple columnar

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.

endocrine

Chondroblasts ________.

A) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae

B) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

C) remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes

D) never lose their ability to divide

b

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?

A) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

B) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU.

C) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid.

D) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.

a

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

A) Stratified cuboidal

B) Stratified columnar

C) Transitional

D) Pseudostratified columnar

d

What would be correct mRNA sequence for the following DNA template: ATGGTTCGA.

How many amino acids will this mRNA correspond to?

mRNA: UACCAAGCU

3 amino acids

Find the correct term with respect to the descriptions.

A.    Condensed form of chromatin

B.    Found in human cell nucleus

 

chromosome

1\.     Arrange the following types of epithelia, from 1 to 3, in order of increasing *protectiveness*.

 A.    Simple Squamous.      

B.    Stratified Squamous. 

C.    Simple Cuboidal.       

 

a. 1

b. 3

c. 2

*1.*     Arrange the following types of epithelia, from 1 to 4, in order of increasing *absorptive ability.*

 A.    Simple Squamous.    

B.    Stratified Squamous. 

C.    Simple Cuboidal.        

D.    Simple Columnar.       

a. 4

b. 1

c. 3

d. 2

Find the correct gland with respect to the descriptions

A.    Glands secrete regulatory hormones directly into blood or lymph

B.    Examples are the thyroid and adrenal glands

 

endocrine

Find the epithelial tissue with respect to the descriptions.

A.    Single layer of column shaped cell

B.    Some cells have cilia, some have microvilli

C.    Secretes mucus

D.    Helps in absorption, hence found in the lining of digestive tract

simple columnar

Find the connective tissue with respect to the descriptions.

A.    Stores Fat

B.    Insulates the body

adipose

Find the connective tissue with respect to the descriptions.

A.    Contains collagenous fibers

B.    Found in intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage

Find the connective tissue with respect to the descriptions.

A.    Primarily parallel collagen fibers

B.    Major cell type: fibroblast

C.    Found in tendons

dense regular

Find the muscle tissue with respect to the descriptions.

A.    Involuntarily controlled, Uninucleate

B.    Contains cylindrical cells with branching ends

C.    Changes internal volume of an organ as it contracts

D.    Displays intercalated disks

cardiac

Find the layer of epidermis with respect to the descriptions.

A.    Actively mitotic epidermal region

B.    Deepest epidermal layer

C.    Most melanocytes are found in this layer.

stratum basale

Find the pigment with respect to the descriptions.

A.    Responsible for the skin color

B.    Natural sunscreen

C.    Phagocytized by keratinocytes

melanin

Find the layer of epidermis with respect to the descriptions.

A.    Four to six cells thick

B.    Flattened cells, so layer is thin

C.    Keratinization begins in this layer

stratum granulosum

Find the correct term with respect to the descriptions

A.    Produces keratin

B.    A major epidermal cell

C.    Tightly connected by desmosomes

keratinocytes

1\.     An epithelial tissue has four layers of cells. The apical layer is flat, and the cells of the basal layer are taller than they are wide. This epithelial tissue would be classified as _________.

stratified squamous

1\.     Intercalated discs are a unique feature of which muscle tissue?

cardiac

1\.     All of the following contribute to skin color EXCEPT _________.

 

A.    hemoglobin

B.    carotene

C.    keratin

D.    melanin

c. keratin

1\.     Mitosis occurs primarily in which stratum of the epidermis?

basale

1\.     The structural unit of compact bone is the _______.

osteon

1\.     The shaft of a long bone is called the ________.

diaphysis

description, function, and location of simple columnar epithelium

description: single layer of tall cells with round oval nuclei; many cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.

location: nonciliated type lines most of the **digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands**; ciliated vartiety lines **small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.**

description, function, and location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

description: single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cell s and bear cilia.

function: secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

location: ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract; nonciliated type in males sperm- carrying ducts and ducts of large glands.

description, function, and location of stratified squamous epithelium

description: thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened; in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

function: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry epithelium.

description, function, and location of transitional epithelium

description: resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch.

function: stretched readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ. **enables tissue to contract and expand.**

location: lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.

description, function, and location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

It is rare

cuboidal shaped cells in multiple layers

They protect areas such as ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

They are found in some sweat and mammary glands

description, function, and location of stratified columnar epithelium

very limited distribution in the body

Location: seen in the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining your eyelids, where it's both protective and mucus-secreting.

Function: protection of underlying tissues with multiple layers of epithelial cells.

small amounts found in pharynx

   What are the three basic parts to all human cells and what are their functions?

●      Plasma membrane- Allows for some materials to enter or exit the cell. Protects the cell from the outside environment. Semi permeable membrane FLUID MOSAIC (IT MOVES)

●      Cytoplasm- cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

●      Nucleus- Where the genetic material is found within the cell. Control center of the cell.

What are the three lipids that make up the majority of the membrane? Explain each one and identify major structures in each

Phospholipids- Hydrophobic tail made up of lipids and a hydrophilic head containing a  phosphate.

Cholesterol- Stabilizes the membrane.

Glycolipids- A part of the glycocalyx that serves as a blueprint. (fingerprint)

What are the two types of membrane proteins and what are their functions?

Integral: Found inserted into the cell membrane and are used as channels within the membrane to allow things to both exit and enter the cell.

Peripheral: Attached to integral protein or to phospholipids that are found on the outside of the cell or to its surface.

  Define passive transport

diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradient, does not require ATP. From high concentration to low concentration.

what are the three types of passive transport.

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

what is simple diffusion

small nonpolar molecules cross without help, against their concentration gradient