Honors World History Chapter 7 - World War II

command economy

under Stalin; government controlled all economic decisions

communism

a classless society; government controls economic planning and property

socialism

government owns the means of production and operates them for the benefit of all people, rich or poor

which party did the Bolsheviks turn into

the Communist Party

Russia’s leader when the Bolsheviks took over

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin’s slogan and what it promised

“Peace, Bread, and Land”; promised to pull Russia out of WW1 and promised to provide food for all Russians

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

signed by Lenin, negotiated peace with Germany, took Russia out of WW1; Lenin and the Communists now had complete control of the government

Lenin’s economic policy

encouraged limited private business and established a mixed economy that was 1/2 nationalized (under govt control) and 1/2 market based

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Wilson vs. Europe at the Paris Peace Conference

Wilson called for peace without victory and wanted to not impose harsh treatment on Germany but work with Germany for peace; Great Powers (France, Britain, Japan, Italy) refused

Problems at the Paris Peace Conference

Great Powers wanted to harshly punish Germany; Allies excluded Germany from the negotiations and the League of Nations; Germany had to accept the harsh Treaty of Versailles; Allies split up Austria-Hungary without paying attention to ethnical makeup of the country=boundary disputes

Stipulations for Germany in the Treaty of Versailles

required them to pay war reparations; made them admit sole responsibility for WW1; small military; land was divided, including colonies

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

US tariff that was the highest tariff law in history; countries responded with their own tariffs and isolated themselves from the collapsing world economy

nationalism

extreme pride in one’s country

why countries were more nationalistic after WW1

the more a country struggled after WW1 and during the Depression, the more people wanted to see their country restored even through the domination of other nations; nationalism grew strongest in countries that suffered the greatest economic problems

what limited the power of the League of Nations

nationalism and the lack of US participation; each member country pushed for it's own interests

totalitarianism

1 political party or group maintains complete control under a dictatorship and bans all others

Benito Mussolini

developed fascism; gained support from those who opposed communism

how Mussolini wanted to reestablish an Italian empire

by using strict government control and a strong military

what Mussolini did when he became dictator

abolished labor unions; forbade strikes; pursued an increased military power; expansionism

expansionism

encouraged aggressive manuevers to overtake other nations

4 factors that help a fascist regime opertae

oppression of conquered citizens; strong and mobile military force; people that can accept and permit violence; glorification of the state

glorification of the state

support for the cause by propaganda; accomplished through parades, celebrations, or speeches

Hitler

the Nazis Fuhrer (leader) and preached racist fascism; claimed that the Aryan race was superior and deserved to conquer other nations through genocide; anti-Semitic; xenophobic

Aryan race

caucasian people of non-Jewish descent

genocide

killing of a cultural group or racial group of people

anti-Semitisim

hatred of all Jews

xenophobia

fear or hatred of strangers

groups of people Hitler hated

Jews, Polish people, homosexuals, gypsies; blamed Germany’s economic struggles on Jews and nations that imposed war reparations

Hitler’s message and why it was so appealing

his message of national superiority and scapegoating attracted Germans who were suffering; he promised to rebuild Germany

how Hitler planned to rebuild Germany

by violating the Treaty of Versailles, by refining the military, creating a new air force, and reestablishing the draft

what happened in the USSR after Lenin’s death

Stalin established himself as the sole leader; USSR had a famine period because they weren’t producing enough food; Stalin’s efforts to improve the economy failed; used brutal violence to expel anyone who was disloyal to him

Japan’s emperor: claimed “enlightened peace”

Emperor Hirohito

Japan’s change of government and military actions

Japanese army took over Chinese province of Manchuria without govt. authority; military leaders made a national cabinet and ended democracy; Japan allied with Germany and Italy

Japanese military leader who took over

Tojo Hidecki

Kellogg-Briand Pact

signed by 63 nations; promised to use negotiations rather than war to solve differences; Germany, Italy, and Japan rejected, looked to exert influence through war; pact said nothing about enforcement

Japanese aggression before the war started

invaded Manchuria; Japan left the League of Nations after it told it to leave; China gave up Manchuria to Japan; Japan began to conquer all Chinese cities on the coast; China suspended their civil war; countries and the USSR send economic aid and equipment

Italian aggression before the war started

Mussolini promised to support Austria if Germany attacked if France allowed Italy to invade Abysinnia (Ethiopia); France agreed; Italy used chemical weapons that killed people; League of Nations imposed economic penalties

what happened to make Hitler and Mussolini allies

Hitler offered to help Italy after the League of Nations imposed economic penalties; Italy, Japan, and Germany signed an anti-communist pact forming the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

the Axis Powers

Italy, Germany, and Japan

the Allied Powers

Britain and France

Hitler’s advancements before the war started

moved troops into Rhineland; added Austria to Germany; demanded to add Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia since many Germans lived there; invaded Czechoslovakia; invaded eastern Poland since a large number of Germans lived there

How did Britain and France hope to avoid war with Germany

they did nothing; appeasement; agreed to Hitler’s capture of Sudentenland at the Munich Conference

appeasement

giving in to Hitler’s demands

Munich Conference and it's result

Britain and France agreed to Hitler’s capture of Students land; Hitler promised to take no more land from Czechoslovakia or anywhere else; Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia

Non-Aggression Pact and it’s result

Hitler made a pact with Stalin; agreed to divide Poland between them; USSR could take over other territories as well (Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia); Hitler invaded Poland, USSR invaded Poland and other countries promised by Hitler

blitzkrieg

Hitler’s strategy for invading Poland: “lightning war”; using fast-moving airplanes and tanks followed by infantry

when and how did WWII begin in Europe

September 1st, 1939; Hitler invaded eastern Poland, Britain and France declared war

reasons the US maintained strong isolationist policies and didn’t want to get involved

bad memories of lives lost in WWI; 3/4 of the war debts of European countries remained unpaid; citizens struggled through the depression and cared little about international affairs; people believed that arms manufacturers and investors pushed the US into WWI

Neutrality Act

passed by Congress; forbade arms sales to warring nations

cause of Cash and Carry policy and what that means

the invasion of Poland let the US to the cash and carry policy: allies could buy ammunition up front, but had to provide their own transportation

how Germany conquered France

Hitler swept through the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg en route to France; France fell, took control of northern part, southern part became a puppet government

puppet government

independent but kept in power by the occupying country’s military (headquarters in Vichy)

Charles de Gaulle

set up government in-exile in London; focused on liberating France; organized the free Frencg military force who battled the Nazis

Britain’s change in government

Neville Chamberlain resigned as prime minister and Winston Churchill was asked to take over

Battle of Britain

German Luftwaffe (air force) focused on airfields and cities to break morale; Churchill refused to give in

technology that helped Britain in the Battle of Britain

the radar and enigma: machine that helped decode German messages

why/how Hitler ended the Battle of Britain

Hitler called off allied attacks due to British resistance; focused on Mediterranean Sea and Eastern Europe instead

what happened once FDR was reelected a third time

US began strengthening it's military and provided Britain more support

Lend-Lease Act

passed by Congress; FDR had the authority now to lend or lease war supplies to countries who were out of money but whose survival was important to the US (mainly Britain)

what happened after Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act

Hitler ordered his submarines to sink any cargo ships; US entered into undeclared naval war; FDR ordered the sinking of any submarines US ships encountered; US sent large amounts of supplies to Stalin after Hitler betrayed him and invaded

what happened during Mussolini’s attack on Egypt

Mussolini attacked Egypt (British-controlled) while Hitler attacked Britain; British pushed back Italians and Hitler had to help Mussolini; General Erwin Rommel pushed back British troops to Libya; British rallied only to be pushed back; allied loss

Hitler’s actions before invading the USSR to help him attack the USSR

needed to build bases in southeast Europe; Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania joined the Axis powers; Yugoslavia and Greece resisted but fell to Germany in 3 weeks;

Operation Barbarossa

planned invasion of the USSR; Soviets were surprised; USSR and Germany were both brutal in their use of military strength

Scorched Earth policy

Hitler’s policy during Operation Barbarossa; ordered all commanders to completely destroy all structures, people, crops, transportation, in order to make the area unfit for human use; Soviets also used it to burn their own cities then retreat from Germans

how Operation Barbarossa ended and it's result

Leningrad held out against Germans, Hitler focused on Moscow; Germans reached outskirts until Soviets countered; Temperatures fell and Germans were unprepared for winter; gained no land, cost 500,000 lives

Japan’s goals in Pacific campaign; what US did

looked to take over European colonies in southeast Asia for resources; US knew this and sent aid to China to stop the threat to American-held Philippines and Guam

Japan bombing of Pearl Harbor

December 7th, 1941; US intelligence knew of a coming attack but were unable to get the message to the base; destroyed battleships, naval vessels, warplanes, and people;

effect of Pearl Harbor

FDR described it as “a day which will live in infamy”; Congress issued a declaration of war against Japan, then Germany and Italy

Japan’s attacks soon after Pearl Harbor

attacked Hong Kong (British) and Guam and Wake (American), all fell quickly; Philippines fell to Japan; Japan focused on British possessions and took over 150 million people; treated people with extreme cruelty

Bataan Death March

Allied prisoners forced to march 50 miles up Bataan peninsula in the Philippines; over 15,000 died

armed forces on the US home front

6 million men and women volunteered; Congress drafted 10 million

US wartime production in WW2

FDR created the War Production Board to manage and control the economy

War Production Board (WPB)

it supervised the conversion of industry from peacetime to wartime production

increased prosperity in the US

depression ended; unemployment was low; GNP rose from $91.1 billion to $213.6 billion; US produced more than Germany, Italy, and Japan combined

Gross National Product (GNP)

a nation’s total production of goods and services

why did the government need to ration items

certain critical foods and materials were needed overseas for the war effort; wanted to ration the nation’s supply and demand

rationing

allowed a fixed amount of a particular item to be produced or sold to the public

what items were rationed in the US

critical foods and materials

how Americans bought rationed items

used government issued coupons

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

created by US government to set maximum prices allowable on certain consumer products; difficult to enforce; retailers ignored the law and made the public distrustful of economic policies

purpose of OPA and price controls on products

price controls were placed on goods due to inflation

price controls resulted in the black market, which is:

selling of consumer goods at illegal prices which violated the rationing system

how US paid for WW2

government raised taxes and issued war bonds; used posters and other ads to convince citizens to buy them, including using movie stars and entertainers

women in the US during WW2

excited; joined the military; took the place of men in offices and factories; were 1/3 of the workforce by the end of the war; government said women should be paid the same as men, but they were not

African Americans in the US during WW2

US fought in WW2 to oppose Hitler’s racism; Blacks fought racism in the US, but still fought in WW2; were restricted to low ranks, served in segregated units, and lived in segregated camps

what led to Executive Order 9066

the attack on Pearl Harbor brought about suspicion and dislike of Japanese people in the US

Executive Order 9066

signed by FDR; ordered all Japanese from military facilities; Japanese-Americans were forced from their homes and placed in camps on federal land, including deserts and swamps; 2/3 of those people had lived in the US for years

new tactic, used first at Battle of Coral Sea to stop Jap advances

dog fights: planes take off of aircraft carriers at sea and fight, ships don’t fire any shots

Battle of Midway

US vs. Japs; key American airfield here; Adm. Nimitz knew attack was coming and hid, attacked when Jap planes took off and assaulted Midway; 1st allied victory in the Pacific

Admiral Chester Nimitz

US commander in chief of Pacific Fleet; led victory at Battle of Midway

General Douglas MacArthur

US commander in charge of Pacific front; plan to pass Jap strongholds was by island hopping across the Pacific

island hopping

attack islands not well-defended but close to Japan

first island US seized from Japan; had an airfield we seized

Gaudalcanal

what Stalin hoped FDR and Churchill would do when US entered WW2

Stalin hoped they would attack France, leaving Hitler to pull troops from the Soviet Union; Churchill agreed but wasn’t ready, wanted to focus on North Africa first

Battle of El Alamein

The British under Montgomery caught Axis troops by surprise in North Africa

Operation Torch

troops from Britain and US landed in Morocco and Algeria to fight Germans; Rommel was trapped between Eisenhower’s and Montgomery’s armies; Axis forces surrendered

why the Axis surrender due to Operation Torch was significant

the Mediterranean Sea was opened to Allied shipping and the Allies could invade southern Europe

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

supreme allied commander of the European theater of operations; led Operation Torch in North Africa; sent paratroopers to attack Sicily (Italy); coordinated Operation Overlord (D-Day); led invasion of France

Battle of Stalingrad

Hitler controlled 90% of the city; Soviet winter set in, Soviets attacked and cut off German supplies; starved Germans surrendered; city was destroyed and 1 million Soviets dead; Soviets pushed Nazis westward after