Biology I - Exam 4

Diploblastic

ectoderm, endoderm

Triploblastic

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Hox Genes

Allows transcription to occur; turns on and off genes

Coelem

Internal body cavity; mesoderm

Acoelemate

No coelem; mesoderm filled with tissues

Eucoelomates

Has a true coelem

Psuedo-coelomates

Coelem made of mesoderm & endoderm

Protesome

mouth develops first in blastopore; primitive

Deutersome

Anus develops first; novel trait

Agnathodyomes

Animals that do not have a jaw

Gnathostomes

Animals that have a jaw

Bilateral Symmetry

Single plane that divides the body into left and right sides; mirror images

Radial Symmetry

Arrangement of body parts from a central point

Ectoderm

Covers surface of animal

Endoderm

Forms digestive, respiratory, urinary track

Mesoderm

Forms muscle, bone, circulatory system

Porifera

Sponges

Cnidaria

Jellyfish, corals, anemones

Placazoa

amoeba-like animal

Endothermic animals

use metabolism to maintain their body temperature

Exothermic animals

do not use metabolism; they bask in the sun to raise their body temperature

Fragmentation

When part of the body is broken off and each part undergoes regeneration (sponges, sea stars, flatworms)

Parthenogenesis

When eggs are formed via mitosis and develop without fertilization (reptiles, amphibians, fish)

Hermaphroditism

One individual has both male and female reproductive parts (snails, slugs, worms)

Mollusca

Snails, mussels, octopus

Annelida

Segmented worms

Nematoda

Roundworms

Arthropoda

Insects, spiders, shrimp

Enchinodermata

Sea stars, sand dollars

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

Phylym Chordata

Vertebrates

Chordata 5 defining characteristics

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, endostyle/thyroid glant

All vertebrates are

triploblastic eucoelomates & bilateral deuterostomes

Class Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous jawed fish; sharks, rays, skates

Class Osteichtyes

Bony jawed fish; fish

Fish circulatory system

2 chambered heart; single circuit

Amphibian circulatory system

3 chambered heart; double circuit

Birds reproduce via

internal fertilization

Birds & Mammals are

Endotherms

3 Groups of Mammals

Monotremes, Marsupials, Placentals

What makes an animal an animal

motile, complex tissue structure, diplontic life cycle, embryonic developmental stages

Invertebrates lack

a spine and cranium

Examples of Agnathastomes

Hagfish, Lamprey

Exoskeleton

hard covering or shell that protects the animal and provides attachment sites for muscles

Endoskeleton

Comprised of internal bone or cartilage that supports body weight and movement

Homeothermic

maintain a constant body temperature

Poikilothermic

allow body temperature to fluctuate depending on the environment

Hibernation

Type of winter torpor; coldest times of the year

Estivation

Type of summer torpor; extreme heat or water availability

Oogeneis

the production of eggs in ovaries

Spermatogenesis

the production of sperm by the male testes

Types of internal fertilization

viviparous, oviparous, ovoviviparous

Types of sexual reproduction

hermaphroditism, external fertilization, internal fertilization

Sex determination in mammals

XX=female, XY=male

Sex determination in birds

ZZ=male, ZW=female

Sex determination in turtles

cooler temp=male, warmer temp=female

sex determination in alligators

warmer temp=male, cooler temp=female

Types of asexual reproduction

binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction is favored

stable/predictable environment

Sexual reproduction is favored

unstable/unpredictable environment

Monotremes

lay leathery eggs

Marsupials

Short placental gestation, born fetal, complete development in pouch

Placentals

placenta connects fetus to mother

advantages of amniotic egg

increased access to terrestrial environments, less competition for pools, decreased predation

Birds have cloaca which means

no solid waste

Species that have amniotic egg

reptiles, birds, mammals

Sphenodontia

Tuataras

Testudines

Turtles

Squamata

Lizards and Snakes

Crocodilla

Alligators, Crocodile

Urodela

Salamanders

Anura

Frogs and Toads

Apoda

Caecilians

Chordata invertibrates

Cephalochordata: Lancelets, Urochordata: Sea Squirts

Hexapoda

true insects

Trilobta (arthopoda)

all extict

Chelicerata (arthopoda)

First set of appendages are distinct

Myriapoda

terrestrial

Nematoda have

molt exoskeleton

Bivalvia

Clams, Muscles, Oysters

Gastropod

Snails and Slugs

Cephalopoda

Octopus and Squid

Water vascular system

helps in locomotion and feeding in echinoderms