Ch 29-Seedless Plants

Land plants evolved from

green algae

Which generation is dominant in land plants

diploid sporophyte

“more embryo protection” less haploid

sporophyte genotype is

diploid

gametophyte genotype is

haploid

Two groups of green algae

chlorophytes (Not land)

charophytes (sister clade land plants)

True or false:

Both haploid and diploid stage in land plants are multicellular

True

What is the cuticle

waxy surface material that prevents excessive water loss

What is the stomata

in the cuticle

absorb carbon dioxide

release oxygen and water vapor (how we breathe)

what are Bryophytes

most primitive land plants

lack vascular tissues

what is xylem

tissues that carry water and nutrients to phloem

what is phloem

tissue that transports sugars and hormones from photosynthesis throughout the plant

Why do terrestial plants have two copies of each gene (Diploid)

more uv radiation so more mutation and two copies allow less recessive genes passed

Animals have a ____ life cycle and only ____ is multicellular

diplontic; diploid

Haplodiplonic Life Cycle Steps

haploid gametophyte, which produces gametes, and the diploid sporophyte, which produces spores. In this cycle, fertilization (diploid stage) leads to the formation of a diploid zygote, which develops into the sporophyte, and through meiosis (haploid), it produces haploid spores that develop into new haploid gametophytes.

Animals produce gametes via _____ while plants use _____

Meiosis; Mitosis

Sporophyte means _____ plants and

Gameotphyte means ______plant

spore; Gamete

Meiosis takes place in_____ for spore production.

Sporangia

Spore mother cells are_____ and divide to ____.

sporocysts; 4 haploid spores

Haploid Gen is more prevelant in ______ than _____

mosses and ferns; gymnosperms and angiosperms (seed plants)

In mosses and ferns the gametotype is _____ and ____ while the sporophyte is _____

photosynthetic and freeliving; incredibly small

Bryophytes are no tracheophytes which means

they lack tracheids

Bryophytes contain

Liverworts

Mosses

Hornworts

what are mycorrhizal associations

fungi relationships with plants to help plants intake water

How is water and nutrients spread in bryophytes

Via conductiong cells

True or False:

Bryophytes need water for sexual reproduction

True

why in mainly moist areas

Liverworts structure

Most resemble mosses

gametophytes flat with rhizoids (aid in absorption since no roots)

How do liverwarts do gas exchange

through pores in air chambers

Sexual Reproduction in LIverworts

gametangia is umbrella shaped

sporphyte above ground

Asexual Reproduction in Liverworts

lense shaped tissue produced by gametophyte to make new gameotophytes

Gametophytes of Mosses

small leaflike structures around axis anchored to rhizoids

lack vascular tissue and stomata

one cell wall where all cells haploid

Sporophytes of Mosses

have stomata

water transferred by special cells

What are female gametangia in mosses

archegonia

what are male gametangia in mosses

antheridia

Moss reproduction process

Moss reproduces through a life cycle that includes both a gametophyte stage and a sporophyte stage. The gametophyte stage is the dominant and longer-lived phase, producing male and female reproductive structures called antheridia (male) and archegonia (female). Fertilization occurs when sperm from the antheridia swims to the archegonia in the presence of water. This leads to the formation of a zygote, which grows into the sporophyte. The sporophyte is typically attached to the gametophyte and consists of a stalk and a capsule where spores are produced through meiosis. When mature, the capsule releases spores into the environment, allowing for the dispersal and colonization of new areas.

Why is physcomitrella patens significant

first non tracheophyte to have genome sequenced

Where do mosses live

moist areas

NOT DRY OR POLLUTED

why are Hornworts significant

transition between dominant gametophyte to dominant sporophyte gen

Sporophyte of Hornwort

“green horns”

similar to vascular plants

has stomata

Gametophyte of Hornwort

symbiotic with cyanobacteria for nitrogen

Cooksonia

first known vascular plant

no roots or leaves

branching structure

homosporous

Pros to vascular tissue

More efficient water movement

greater size

develop in the sporophyte

Tracheophytes/vascular 3 clades

lycophytes

pterophytes

seed plants

Wisk ferns and horsetails were the transition between _____ and ______

bryophytes; vascular plants

Where do tracheophytes live

everywhere but mountains and tundra

Tracheophytes have haplodiplontic cycle but ____ has decreased

gametophyte

True or False

Roots evolved before stems

False

Root structure and pros

structural support (greater size)

more efficient water movement (increased surface area)

Leaves and roots evolved ______

more than once

Leaves pros

increased surface area to enhance photosynthesis capability

Lycophytes have small leaves called ____

lycophylls

Whisk Ferns and seed plants have true leaves called _____

euphylls

What do seeds do

they protect embryo and provide nutrients

True or false

Lycophytes and pterophytes have seeds

false

Lycophytes/club mosses leave charcateristic

evolved independently

small unbranched leaves

small but kind of looks like trees (ancient ones did)

Are club mosses related to true mosses

no

Lycophytes/club mosses ____ stage is dominant

sporophyte

What is the reproduction process of Lycophytes?

Lycophytes reproduce through both asexual (via rhizomes or fragmentation) and sexual methods. In sexual reproduction, spores are produced in strobili, which can develop into a gametophyte. Fertilization occurs when male gametes swim to female gametes, resulting in a new sporophyte.

Why is Selaginella moellendorffi

first seedless plant to have genome sequenced

showed independent evolution of plants

Pterophytes consist of ___-

Whisk Ferns and horsetails

True or False

Ferns have antheridia and archegonia and need water for flagella

True

Do whisk ferns have roots or leaves

no

Where are whisk ferns

tropics

Sporophyte of whisk ferns

evenly forking green stems

gametophyte of whisk ferns

colorless and small

some elements of vas tissue

some relationships with fungi

where are Horsetails

damp places

Horsetail sporophytes

ribbed jointed stems from rhizoids in roots

scale like leaves in each node

conelike structures make haploid spores

dependent on gametophyte until make own tissue

Horsetail gametophyte

looks like lobe liverwort

makes both egg and sperm

____ are most abundant seedless vascular plants

ferns (closest relative to seed plants)

Where are ferns

everywhere but mostly tropics

Fern sporophyte

very complexed

vascular tissue

well-differentiated roots, stem ,leaves

Fern gametophyte

lacks vascular tissue

rhizomes are underground stems

Fern leaves

“fronds”- highly dissected and real pretty (in lots of gardens)

coiled “fiddleheads” at tip: allows fronds out of soil

fronds unfurl when in air

Ferns make sporangia in clusters called

sori (protected by umbrella covering)

Fern reproduction process

What is the reproduction process of ferns?

Ferns reproduce through a two-stage life cycle, which includes both a sporophyte and a gametophyte phase. The dominant phase is the sporophyte, which produces spores in structures called sori located on the undersides of fronds. When mature, these spores are released into the environment, where they can germinate into a small, heart-shaped gametophyte known as a prothallus. The gametophyte produces male and female gametes in specialized organs: antheridia for sperm and archegonia for eggs. Fertilization occurs when water allows sperm to swim to the egg, forming a new sporophyte that grows out of the gametophyte, thus continuing the cycle.

how are fern spores sent out

sporangia does snapping motion

True or False

Fern Embryo can’t enter a dormant phase

True