lab exam digestive & urinary

Renal Capsule

Smooth membrane, tightly adherent to the kidney surface.

Medulla

Portion of the kidney containing mostly collecting ducts.

Cortex

Portion of the kidney containing the bulk of the nephron structures.

Renal Pelvis

Basin-like area of the kidney, continuous with the ureter.

Minor Calyx

A cup-shaped extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid.

Renal Columns

Area of cortical tissue running between the medullary pyramids.

Filtration

Blood filtration by glomeruli, allows water & small molecules to pass into nephron.

Reabsorption

Essential substances & water are reabsorbed from filtrate back into the bloodstream.

Secretion

Waste products & excess ions are secreted from the blood into the nephron for excretion.

Nephron Structure

Consists of glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.

Tubular Secretion

Removes waste and excess ions, balancing pH and aiding waste elimination.

Collecting Ducts

Conduct urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis.

Transitional Epithelium

Specialized epithelium in the bladder that stretches to hold varying urine volumes without leaking.

Incontinence

A normal phenomenon in a child under 1 ½ to 2 years old due to undeveloped bladder control.

Mechanical Digestion

Chewing process that begins digestion in the mouth.

Chemical Digestion

Carbohydrate breakdown by saliva that occurs in the mouth.

Stomach Function

Store and breakdown food into chyme.

Peristalsis

Involuntary muscle movement that moves food through the digestive system.

Enzymes in Digestion

Substances that break down food into smaller molecules.

Accessory Organs

Organs that play crucial roles indirectly by secreting necessary substances to break down food.

Gall Bladder Function

Stores bile, which is produced by the liver to digest food.

Liver Function in Digestion

To produce bile and purify blood.

Small Intestine Function

Breakdown food, absorb nutrients, and water along the digestive tract.

Structure of Small Intestine

Highly folded lining to form microscopic villi, increasing surface area for absorption.