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Signal Transduction
Process of converting environmental stimuli into cellular responses.
Receptor Proteins
Proteins that sense environmental stimuli in plants.
Phosphorylation Cascades
Chemical signal relays activated by receptor proteins.
Second Messengers
Internal chemical signals like Ca²⁺ in cells.
Gene Expression Changes
Alterations in gene activity leading to hormone production.
Phototropism
Plant growth response toward light sources.
Phototropin
Blue light receptor triggering phototropism.
Auxin (IAA)
Hormone that promotes cell elongation in plants.
Gravitropism
Plant growth response to gravitational pull.
Positive Gravitropism
Roots grow toward gravity direction.
Negative Gravitropism
Shoots grow opposite to gravity direction.
Thigmotropism
Directional growth response to touch stimuli.
Phytochrome
Light receptor for red and far-red light.
Active Phytochrome (Pfr)
Form activated by red light, promotes growth.
Inactive Phytochrome (Pr)
Form activated by far-red light, inhibits growth.
Etiolation
Tall, spindly growth in low light conditions.
Night Length Detection
Plants measure darkness to determine flowering time.
Florigen
Hormone triggering flowering under specific light conditions.
Thigmonasty
Non-directional touch response in plants.
Calcium Ions in Thigmonasty
Signal for rapid movement in touch-sensitive plants.
Major Plant Hormones
Chemical signals regulating growth and development.
Auxins Functions
Regulate growth, prevent leaf drop, promote rooting.
Cytokinins Functions
Stimulate cell division and elongation.
Gibberellins Functions
Promote stem elongation and seed germination.
Abscisic Acid Functions
Stress response hormone, inhibits germination.
Ethylene Functions
Gas hormone that ripens fruit and promotes drop.
Brassinosteroids Functions
Enhance growth in stems and leaves.
