Endocrine System Ch 10.7 DAT

Hormones

chemical messengers that facilitate coordination between cells and organ system

Endocrine hormones

a type of hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream

Paracrine Hormones

a type of hormone that is secreted to neighboring cells

Autocrine Hormones

a type of hormone that is secreted onto the originator cell

Peptide hormones

protein based hormones

ligand gated receptors

used to relay the signal from extracellular matrix to intracellular for peptide hormones

GCPR

ligan gated receptors that are associated with an intracellular G protein (peptide hormones)

IP3/DAG

pathway utilized by GPCRS and signal transduction pathways to release Ca2+ from the ER in peptide proteins

RTKs

ligan gated receptors composed of two components which dimerize and cross phosphorylate, used by peptide hormones

Steroid Hormones

lipid soluble, seek to alter DNA transcription directly

amino acid hormones

characteristic of both steroid and peptide hormones, lipophilic but direct messengers

Hypothalamus hormones

released by the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

Posterior Pituitary Gland

produces its own hormones and releases them upon stimulation by the hypothalamus

Hypophyseal portal System

allows for efficient flow of hormones from th hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Hypothalamic releasing hormones

responsible for stimulating the release of anterior pituitary hormones

Anterior pituitary hormones

broken up into tropic (indirect) and direct hormones

tropic hormones

target other endocrine glans to stimulate further hormone production and release

Direct hormones

directly target organs to cause effects

FLAT PIG

Anterior Pituitary hormone mnemonic

pineal gland

responsible for the production of melatonin

thyroid

largest endocrine organ in the body

parathyroid hormone

associated with the posterior thyroid

T3 and T4

increase metabolism and have negative effects on TSH and TRH

T3

more active form than t4, three times as potent, higher iodine content

Hypothyroidism

under secretion of T3 and T4, leading to a slower metabolism

Hyperthyroism

over secretion of T3 and T4, leading to a rapid metabolism

Goiter

irregular enlargement of the thyroid, caused by both hyper and hypo thyroidism

Pancrease

an endocrine gland that is made of both endocrine and exocrine tissue

Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin

endocrine cells of the pancreas release these three hormones

Somatostatin

produced in the pancreatic delta cells, reduces both growth hormones, insulin, and glucagon

Insulin

produced by pancreatic beta cells, decreases blood sugar by binding to RTK’s stimulating the increase in glucose transporters

Glucagon

produced by pancreatic alpha cell, increase blood sugar

adrenal glands

located on the superior surfaces of the kidney, with inner (medulla) and outer (cortex) layers

Adrenal cortex

part of the adrenal gland that is responsible for dealing with long term stress

Cortisol and Mineralcorticoid

the adrenal cortex releases these steroid hormones following stimulation from the anterior pituitary gland

Cortisol

also known as glucocorticoids increases blood glucose level and decreases immune responses (inflammation)

Mineralocorticoids

increase blood volume and blood pressure by the indirect movement of Na+ ions

medulla

part of the adrenal gland that is responsible for dealing with short term stress

catecholamine

amino acids hormones derived from norepinephrine and epinephrine (fight or flight) , cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation

Anterior Pituitary gland

releases leutanizing hormone (LH)

tropic hormones

LH and FSH are both ___ hormones that target the ovaries and testes

ovulation

LH surge in the ovaries causes _____ during the menstrual cycle creating the corpus luteus

follicle

FSH surge in the ovaries causes the maturation of the _____

estrogen and progesteron

both the corpus luteus and the follicle are capable of producing

testosterone

LH leads to the production of ____ in the Leydig cells of the testes

sperm

FSH causes ___ maturation in the sertoli cells of the testes

positive feedback

occurs when a product increases the production of its own stimuli

negative feedback

occur when a product inhibits the production of its stimuli