Ap euro final unit 3 and 4

What is absolutism?

A system where a monarch holds supreme, unquestioned authority, often justified by Divine Right

What is the Divine Right of Kings?

The belief that monarchs are chosen by God and are accountable only to God

What institutions were limited under absolutism?

Representative bodies like parliaments or estates.

What were key features of absolutist states?

Centralized administration, standing armies, taxation systems

What phrase sums up Louis XIV’s rule?

“L’état, c’est moi” (“I am the state”)

How did Versailles help Louis XIV control the nobility?

Required court attendance, distracted nobles, displayed royal power

One political purpose of Versailles?

Prevent noble rebellion

What limited Louis XIV’s absolutism?

Could not define Catholic doctrine (Church authority)

Why did Louis XIV revoke the Edict of Nantes?

To enforce religious uniformity

What belief caused conflict between Stuarts and Parliament?

Divine Right of Kings

Two main causes of Stuart–Parliament conflict?

Taxation and religion (fear of Catholic absolutism

Who ruled during the pause in the monarchy?

Oliver Cromwell

What type of government did Cromwell lead?

Military dictatorship (Lord Protector)

What social rules were enforced under Cromwell?

Strict Puritan moral codes

Main cause of the Glorious Revolution?

Fear James II would establish Catholic absolutism

Result of the Glorious Revolution?

William & Mary + English Bill of Rights

What principle did the English Bill of Rights establish?

Parliamentary supremacy

England became what type of government after 1689?

Constitutional monarchy

Peter the Great’s main goal?

Westernization.

One cultural reform under Peter the Great?

Forced Western dress and grooming

Why was St. Petersburg built?

Western-style capital and Baltic access

What was the Table of Ranks?

Rank based on state service, not birth.

How did the Table of Ranks affect nobles?

Weakened traditional nobility

What war made Russia a major European power?

Great Northern War

Major result of the Great Northern War?

Baltic warm-water port

What religious institution did Peter NOT abolish?

Russian orthodoxy

What was the liberum veto?

Any noble could block legislation (making of laws)

Consequence of the liberum veto?

Political weakness

What happened to Poland as a result?

Was divided between Russia, Prussia, and Austria

Why was the Dutch Republic religiously tolerant?

To attract skilled immigrants

What was the Dutch Republic most admired for?

Economic prosperity

What economic system thrived in the Dutch Republic?

Commercial capitalism

What social class dominated Dutch society?

Urban middle class

Hobbes’s view of human nature?

Naturally violent and selfish

Why did Hobbes support absolute monarchy?

Absolute authority prevents civil war

Locke’s three natural rights?

Life, liberty, property

Purpose of government according to Locke?

Protect natural rights (especially property)

What can people do if government violates rights according to Locke?

Overthrow it

What did Locke challenge?

Divine Right of Kings

Where were Locke’s ideas best embodied?

England

What medieval thinkers were challenged during the scientific revolution?

Aristotle and Ptolemy

Where were the most revolutionary discoveries made during the scientific revolution?

Astronomy

Copernicus’s theory?

Heliocentric theory (sun is the center of the universe?

What did Galileo defend?

Copernican heliocentrism (with his telescope)

Why did Galileo conflict with the Church?

Challenged Church-supported geocentrism (Earth was the center of the universe)

Galileo’s punishment?

Tried by the Inquisition and forced to recant

Descartes’s method?

Methodical doubt (challenged everything to find out what was certainly true~ “I think, therefore I am”

Descartes believed truth came from?

Reason.

Bacon’s scientific method?

Inductive reasoning

Bacon emphasized what?

Empirical observation (real world data rather than intuition)

What is mechanism?

Universe operates like a machine governed by natural laws

How did rulers use science

Military power, navigation, prestige

Core Enlightenment belief?

Reason applied to all aspects of life

Enlightenment view of laws?

Natural laws govern society and politics

Enlightenment attitude toward society?

Belief in progress and reform.

What was the Encyclopédie?

Diderot’s work spreading Enlightenment ideas

What did the Encyclopédie challenge?

Tradition and authorit

How did printing affect society?

Increased literacy and public opinion

Role of salons and coffeehouses?

Circulation and exchange of ideas

Montesquieu’s key idea?

Separation of powers.

Three branches of government?

Legislative, executive, judicial

What did separation of powers challenge?

Absolutism

Voltaire’s religious belief?

Deism

Deist view of God?

Clockmaker who does not interven

Two major beliefs of Voltaire?

Religious toleration and criticism of Church dogma

What is enlightened absolutism?

Absolute rulers using Enlightenment ideas to strengthen the state

Did enlightened absolutists share political power?

No

Frederick the Great’s reforms?

Religious toleration, efficient bureaucracy, preserved noble privileges

Catherine the Great’s reforms?

Territorial expansion, promoted education

What did Catherine NOT do?

Emancipate serfs

Austria’s enlightened rulers?

Maria Theresa and Joseph II

Why was England NOT enlightened absolutist?

Already constitutional

What system did Adam Smith criticize?

Mercantilism

What did Adam Smith advocate?

Free markets and economy

Why is competition beneficial? - Adam smith

Improves society and efficiency.

Mary Wollstonecraft believed women had what?

Reason

What did Wollstonecraft demand?

Legal and educational equality.

Most Enlightenment philosophers believed what about women?

Supported education but not political equality.

Typical Western European household?

Nuclear family

Marriage pattern in Western Europe?

Late marriage.

Why was illegitimacy low?

Community pressure

What was the purpose of foundling homes?

Care for abandoned children

City life characteristic?

More underground and secretive

How were cities viewed morally?

Higher perceived immorality

Purpose of public rituals?

Regulated behavior and community norms

Baroque art characteristics?

Emotional, dramatic, religious.

Purpose of Baroque art?

Catholic Reformation propagand

Rococo art characteristics?

Light, playful, decorative

What values did Rococo reflect?

Elite leisure, luxury, lighthearted