Last min 2-5

What we are composed of

Oxygen and hydrogen in a 1:2 ratio

Covalent bonds

Share electrons

Oxygen is more electronegative compared to oxygen because

An unequal sharing of electricians between oxygen and hydrogen

Covalent bonding can result in polarity because

There is a difference in atomic electronegativities

A water molecule has

Polarity

A hydrogen bond is weak interaction between

the negative and positive regions of two separate molecules

Water can fork what bonds

Hydrogen bonds with other water molecules or with other charged molecules

When two of the SAME molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other this is called

Cohesion

When two DIFFERENT molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other this is called

Adhesion

The hydrogen bonds between water molecules can result in

Surface tension

Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension allow for water to demonstrate additional chemical behaviors known as

Emergent properties

Surface tension is a result of increased hydrogen bonding

Forces between water molecules at the surface

Waters adhesive property

Gives water high solvency in its liquid state

Waters cohesive property allows for

Unique hydrogen bond interactions ti occur when the water is in a solid state making ice less dense than liquid water

Waters cohesive property allows it to absorb a lot of

Thermal energy before changing ing chemical states, resulting sudden changes in temperature

Capillarity action is the result of

Adhesive and cohesive properties

The term COHESION refers to

molecules of the same type forming hydrogen bonds with another

ADHESION refers to

different types of molecules forming hydrogen bonds with one another

The law of the conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed only

transformed

Living systems need a constant input of energy to

grow, reproduce, and maintain organization

Living systems mainly use the energy

stored in chemical bonds

carbon is used

to build biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Nitrogen is used to build

proteins and nucleic acids

Phosphorus is used to build

nucleic acids and certain lipids

Carbon skeletons allow for the creation of

very large and complex molecules

Carbon-containing molecules can be used

to store energy and form basic cell structures

Monomers are chemical subunits used to create

polymers

Polymer is a macromolecule made of many

monomers

A covalent bond is formed

between two interaction monomers

Dehydration synthesis reactions are used to create

macromolecules

The subcomponents of a water molecule (H and OH) are removed from interacting monomers and a

covalent bond forms between them

Polymers are hydrolyzed (broken down) into monomers and covalent bonds between the monomers are cleaved (broken)

during a hydrolysis reaction

A water molecule is hydrolyzed into subcomponents (H and OH)

each subcomponent is added to a different monomer

Carbohydrates monomers have

hydroxides (OH) and hydrogen atoms (H) attached

dehydration synthesis creates

carbohydrates and proteins

during dehydration synthesis, a covalent bond will form where the

hydroxide and hydrogen atoms are removed

during dehydration synthesis the hydroxide (OH) and hydrogen (H) join forming a

water molecule (h20)

Protein monomers are called

amino acids

 amino acid has an amino group

(NH2) terminus and a carboxyl group (COOH)  terminus

A hydroxide (OH) is lost from the carboxyl group of one amino acid and

a hydrogen atom (H) is lost from the amino group of another amino acid

A covalent bond will form between the monomers in the location where the

hydroxide and hydrogen atoms were removed

Covalent bonds between amino acids can be

broken

A water molecule is hydrolyzed and each subcomponent of water (H and OH) will be

bonded to different amino acids

All monomers contain carbon and are used to

build biological macromolecules

Covalent bonds are used to connect

monomers together

Dehydration synthesis reactions are used to create

biological macromolecules and water is an additional product

Hydrolysis reactions use water to

break down biological macromolecules

A change in structure generally results in a change in

function

In living systems, the properties of biological molecules are determined by the

structure and function of the molecules

Nucleic acids are

 polymers comprised of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleotides have a basic structure that contains 3 main subcomponents

a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

All nucleic acids

 store biological information in the sequence of nucleotide monomer

DNA and RNA are examples of

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA nucleotides differ in

the type of sugar contained

DNA and RNA nucleotides can differ in the

nitrogen base contained

Amino acids are the monomers that make up

proteins

Amino acids have directionality with an amino

(NH2) terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus

A polypeptide, the primary structure of a protein, consists of a specific order of amino acids and determines

the overall shape the protein can achieve

The R group can be

 hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic

Complex carbohydrates can have

 monomers whose structures determine the properties and functions of the carbohydrate

Lipids are nonpolar macromolecules that do not have true monomers but are comprised

of subunits such as fatty acids and glycerol

Lipids have fatty acid components that

determine structure and function based on saturation

specialize lipids are called

phospholipids

Specialized lipids, called phospholipids, contain

hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that determine their interactions with other molecules

Phospholipids and proteins are two main molecules that make up biological

membranes

phospholipids contain polar regions that interact with

other polar molecules and nonpolar regions.

Lipids are nonpolar macromolecules and differences in saturation determine

structure and the function of lipids

Differences in the components of the carbohydrate monomers determine how

monomers assemble into complex carbohydrates and determine function

The linear sequence of all nucleic acids is characterized by

 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphate of the sugar in the nucleotide

DNA is a nucleic acid polymer containing

two strands, each strand in an antiparallel 5’-3’ direction

Adenine - Thymine base pairs are held together by

2 hydrogen bonds and Guanine - Cytosine base pairs are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds between base pairs in a

DNA molecule to stabilize the molecule’s structure

Covalent bonds are used to connect

free nucleotides to the strand

Amino acids are connected by the formation of

covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing peptide chain

primary structure

determined by the amino acids held together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

secondary structure

arises through local folding of the amino acid chain into elements such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets

tertiary structure

overall 3D shape of the protein and often minimizes free energy; various types of bonds and interactions stabilize the protein at this level

quaternary structure

arises from the interactions between multiple polypeptide units

Amino acids are added to the carboxyl terminus of a growing peptide chain by

formation of covalent bonds

There are 4 elements of protein structure what are they

primary, secondary (alpha helices & beta sheets), tertiary, and quaternary

A change in an amino acid subunit a the primary level of structure may lead to

change in the structure and function of the protein at subsequent levels

Carbohydrates polymers may be

linear or branched

Starch and glycogen both function in

energy storage

starch is found in

plants

glycogen is found in

humans and other vertebrates

Cellulose functions as support and provides strength in

plant cell walls

DNA and RNA similarities

• 5 carbon sugar

• phosphate group

• nitrogenous base

• nucleotide monomer connected by covalent bonds forming the sugar-phosphate backbone

• nitrogenous bases are perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone

• linear strand of nucleotide has a 5’ end and a 3’ end

DNA characteristics

• contains deoxyribose

• thymine

• double stranded(antiparallel)

RNA characteristics

• ribose

• uracil

• single stranded

monomer definition

a molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a larger molecule

polarity definition

molecule having uneven distribution of charges

surface tension definition

The pulling together of the surface of a liquid by the attraction from the molecules inside the liquid.

lipid structure

• monomers of 3 fatty acids 2 glycerol

• C.H.O.(P)

Lipid structure

• make up cell membrane

• long term energy

• insulation

• steroids

carbohydrate structure

• C.H.O

• Polymers of glucose monomer

carbohydrate functions

• short term energy

• cell walls

• store energy

• receptors

protein structure

• C.H.O.N (S)

• Chain of amino acids monomers by peptide bonds

Protein functions

• movement

• structure

• enzyme

• transport

• hormones

• antibodies

• receptors

Nucleic acids structure

• C.H.O.N.P

• polymers of nucleotides S.P.B

nucleic acid function

• DNA (genetic info)

• RNA (Structure and protein synthesis