AS World Exam

Hunter-Gatherer religion and religious leader

Animism and the Shaman

Daoism

Chinese religion focuses on balance and harmony

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha, goal is to reach nirvana

Hinduism

Indian, caste system, reincarnation

Judaism

first clear monotheistic faith, the Hebrew people, God gave them the promised land, they were enslaved by the Egyptians (belief) by the Babylonians (fact)

Christianity

Jesus of Nazareth died to cleanse humanity, the holy trinity

Islam

Allah, Mohammed, old testament

Paleolithic

(Old Stone Age) people started using stone tools

Neolithic

(New Stone Age) stone tools are improved

social hierarchies in early civilizations

Priests (the favor of the gods), military leaders (wars became common)

caste system

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential but also his or her position in society

moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.

nirvana

The state of enlightenment for Buddhists.

universal religions

religions anyone can easily convert to, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Confucian relationships

Ruler & subject, Father & son, Older brother & younger brother, Husband & wife, Friend & friend

confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Hebrew Covenant

a promise between God and Abraham. God offers land and protection if the Hebrew people follow the path of God.

1st Hebrew temple

Destroyed by the Babylonians

2nd Hebrew Temple

Destroyed by the Romans in 70 C.E. (diaspora)

Roman Empire Fall

too big, moral decay, invasions

Roman Rule

625 BCE - 476 CE

Reasons for the spread of Christianity

Inclusive, equality of souls, forgiveness, better life beyond, loving philosophy, simple faith

Ka'aba

The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca

The dome of the rock

a shrine in Jerusalem, located on the Temple Mount, which houses the spot where Muslims believe Muhammad rose into heaven and where Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac to God

Mecca

the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace, Muhammad was kicked out

Medina

Muhammad fled to escape persecution in Mecca.

Jerusalem

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

Hegira

Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina

5 Pillars of Islam

belief in one god, praying five times a day, alms/charity, fasting for Ramadan, pilgrimage to mecca/Haji

Chinese Examination system

beginning in the Han dynasty, Scholar-bureaucrats took state-sponsored exams in order to become government scribes, Confucian philosophy, anyone could take it, but school was expensive

Advantages of Agricultural Revolution

population growth, domesticated animals, trade, surplus

Advantages of hunting and gathering

Longer life-spans, more varied diet, more leisure time, more equality, lower environmental impact

Charlemagne

created Holy Roman Empire, crowned by the Pope on Christmas, briefly united Western Europe

Women in Islam

Orthodox vs. Roman Church

East vs. West Europe, Patriarch and Pope, Emperor more powerful in the west

Threats to Europe (invaders)

Vikings, Muslims, Magyars

Spread of Islam

Islam spread through West Africa peacefully by trade, and violently by conquest.

House of Wisdom

Crusade Causes

Seljuk Turks took Jerusalem from the Abbasids, Christians and Muslims both wanted the holy land

Crusades

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims for the Holy Land

Saladin

Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade defeated Christians and took Jerusalem

Result of Crusades

increased trade, tension between Muslims and Christians

European Feudalism structure

King, Nobles, Knights/vassals, Peasants, serfs

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Great Western Exception

Western europe did not rebuild classical civilizations, it was not conquered by a singular force

three-field system

crop rotation, one crop each year for three years, first used in China

Canossa

City where Henry IV met with Pope Gregory VII to ask for forgiveness because he instates bishops in his kingdom (the popes job)

Time period after Han

age of confusion

Knights

get land in exchange for service

monarchs in feudal Europe and japan

were weak

Chinese dynasties

Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan

silk road

Trade route connecting the East and West, silk, spices

Empress Wu

The only woman to officially rule China, was the concubine to the Emperor then married the emperors son, she was mid, Supported Buddhism, no more women

Tang Dynasty

Expanded borders, China became large and respected again, middle kingdom, Korea became china's little brother

China's influence on Japan

Writing, art, literature, agricultural techniques, Buddhism/Confucian ideas, heavy taxes on peasants, no more female rulers

Shinto

Way of the Gods, balance with nature

Amaterasu

Sun GODDESS

Nahurito

Oldest Ruling family in japan, 126th emperor

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Samurai

Soldiers in feudal Japan, fought for clans2

Japan Feudalism

shogun, daimyo, samurai, farmers, artisans, merchants

Bushido

loyalty, bravery, combat trained, honor

Seppuko

ritual suicide

Shogun

A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name

Kamikazi

divine wind, saved japan from the mongols

47 Ronin

A story about 47 Ronin who go to kill the person who practically killed their master then were caught , they are allowed to commit seppuku honorably, instead of being killed disgracefully.

Prince Shotoku and Taika reforms

Sent people to China to study what made them so succesful

Genghis Khan

An orphan who rose to power, united the Mongol tribes, and started the Mongol Empire

Kubilai Khan

grandson of Genghis Khan, became Buddhist, named the dynasty Yuan (Chinese name), moved the capital to Beijing, could not conquer japan,

Mongol impact on Russia

Mongols ruled from the south and collected tribute, Moscow princes were tax collectors, the Russian Orthodox church grew in influence, Russia was united by Ivan

Mongol impact on China

Chinese were second-class citizens, ruled by foreigners (muslims)

Mongol impact on Persia

brought in Chinese bureaucrats, destroyed the irrigation system, Mongols converted to Islam and were absorbed

Karakorum

Capital of the Mongol Empire, cosmopolitan city, artisans

Pax Mongolia

100 years of peace, protected trade routes, cultural diffusion, religious toleration

Mongol Battle Tactics

Psychological warfare, military discipline, cities were static targets, used enemy captives as soldiers, very violent

4 Mongol Khanates

Golden Hord (Russia), Great Khanate (china), ilkhanate (Persia), Chagatai Khanate

Marco Polo

Italian merchant, traveled to china and brought back knowledge of the east to Europe.

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol led dynasty in china

Mamluks

Egyptian slave army, halted Mongol advance because they one a battle with their calvary the the Khan died

Mongol Legacies

Killed millions, very brutal, tactics were copied, promoted trade everywhere, spread the plague

Mali and Ghana

had a lot of gold to trade

Western Sahara Trade routes and goods

gold, ivory, slaves, traded with east and north Africa

Berbers and Bedouin

nomadic traders, Muslim, desert trade

Ibn Battuta

Traveling scholar, kept historical memoirs, worked in houses of wisdom, discovered that they were different forms of Islam in different places.

Timbuktu

center of learning and tradition, Islamic law, politics, and theology

Mansa Musa

King of Mali, crazy Wealthy, went to Mecca and brought and spent so much gold the value went down, built a house of wisdom in Timbuktu

Great Zimbabwe

gained wealth from gold and showed it off with huge stone buildings and walls

Importance of Islam in africa

Islam reached Africa by trade and spread very quickly.

Swahili Coast

region along the east coast of Africa, part of the Indian Ocean trade route, Islam influenced, Arab and Muslim culture

Cons of Buddhism in China

Monks and Nuns did not contribute to society, not from china=barbaric,

Pros of Buddhism in China

helps the poor and working classes, the opportunity of reaching nirvana

Kilwa

Most important Swahili trading city

Chang'an

Capital of Tang dynasty

Aryan invasion

Aryan culturally invaded India, started caste system to separate Indians from Aryans, become Indian caste system, they combine to create Hinduism,

Zhou dynasty

Feudalism, confucious

Qin dynasty

Strong central power, very harsh

Shang Dynasty

first

Han dynasty

the mandate of heaven, expanded borders, and the great wall, made china safe and prosperous, the exam system

Sui dynasty

short, similar to Qin, started the canal system, ended the age of confusion, reunification

China's influence on Korea

Big Brother, Confucianism, Buddhism