BS 162 unit 1: Genetics
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26 Terms
Transcription
The process of copying DNA into RNA
Translation
The process of converting RNA into protein
Genotype
The genetic makeup (DNA)
Phenotype
The observable results (trains) produced from that genotype
DNA full name
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA role
long term storage of genetic information/ can be copied to produce proteins
RNA full name
Ribonucleic acid
RNA role
“reads”/decodes the information stored in DNA
DNA vs RNA - strands
DNA is double stranded
RNA is single stranded
DNA vs RNA - sugar
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar
RNA contains ribose sugar
DNA vs RNA - base (letters)
DNA uses thymine (T)
RNA uses uracil (U)
Complementary base pairing rule
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
Hydrogen bonds in base pairing
A - T pair = 2 hydrogen bonds
G - C pair = 3 hydrogen bonds
Why do weak H-Bonds matter in DNA?
allows the double helix to “unzip” easily for replication
Gene definition
a section of DNA that codes for a protein or a functional RNA
Human genome size
about 3 billion base pairs, coding for about 20,000 protein-coding genes
Unreplicated chromosome is…
a single double stranded DNA molecule
Replicated chromosome is…
two identical double strands joined at a centromere, forming sister chromatids
sister chromatids
the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome, connected by a centromere
centromere
the point joining sister chromatids together; present whether a chromosome is replicated or unreplicated
Homologous chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes (one maternal, one paternal) that are the same length and carry the same genes in the same order
are homologous chromosomes identical?
no
compare homologous chromosomes vs sister chromatids
homologous chromosomes come from different parents and potentially carry different alleles
sister chromatids are identical copies of the same chromosome from replication
what is an allele
a different variation of the same gene.
Homozygous
having the same allele on both homologous chromosomes at a given locus
Heterozygous
Having different alleles on the two homologous chromosomes at a given locus