Evolution Tests 1-6

True or False: One can always calculate the frequency of alleles in a population if the frequency of genotypes in the population are known.

True

True or False: One can always calculate the frequency of genotypes in a population if the frequency of alleles in the population are known.

False

Assortative mating results in

a decrease in the number of heterozygotes

Increases in human height that have occurred in the populations of the US and Europe since the mid-1800s are most likely due to:

environment

How does sexual reproduction influence the accumulation of mutations over time?

sexual populations should accumulate fewer mutations than asexual populations

If locus A (with alleles A and a), and locus B (with alleles B and B) are in linkage disequilibrium:

AB, Ab, aB, and ab chromosomes will have random frequencies.
AB, Ab, aB, and ab chromosomes will have frequencies that can not be predicted from the frequency of alleles A, a, B, and b

Genetic drift results in

decrease in heterozygosity

Geckos have environmental sex determination where eggs incubated at certain temperatures develop into males, while eggs incubated at other temperatures develop into females. Suppose we incubate eggs at 30°-33°. The eggs from female 1 result in females at 30° and males at 33°. Eggs from female 2 result in only males being produced in both temperatures. This is an example of?

variation due to genotype by environmental interaction (GxE)

How do sexual and asexual populations differ in growth rate?

asexual populations should grow faster than sexual populations

In many plants, individuals growing in shade will grow tall by making long thin stems, while individuals of the same genotype growing in full sun will produce shorter thicker stems. This variation in phenotype is due to?

phenotypic plasticity

Based on studies of the distribution of fitness effects (DFE), most new mutations are?

neutral or nearly neutral

Which of the following processes does NOT generate linkage disequilibrium?

recombination

Which type of single base pair substitutions should be the most common?

transition

which statement best describes how selection against a deleterious allele occurs for dominant vs recessive alleles?

selection ca eliminate a dominant allele from a population faster than selection can eliminate a recessive allele from a population

the substitution of a single base pair in a DNA sequence could result in

a change in a single amino acid in the protein produced
no change in any amino acids in the protein produced
a premature stop codon being produced

whole genome duplication that results when two different diploid species mate to form a tetraploid offspring is called

allopolyploidy

You are studying a large population of grasshoppers with variable colors. Color is determined by a single gene, with alleles B and B. Individuals with genotype BB are brown, individuals with genotype bb are green, and individuals with Bb are intermediate in color. You find that the frequency of alleles B and b are both 0.50, and the frequency of the genotypes are 49.5% Brown, and 1% intermediate. Is this population likely to be Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

No

If a population contains 25 individuals with genotype RR, 50 with Rr, and 25 with rr, what is the frequency of the R allele?

0.5

If a population has allele frequencies of p=0.8 and q=0.2, what frequency of heterozygotes are expected at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

0.32

Is the population shown below in linkage equilibrium or linkage disequilibrium?

linkage equilibrium

A large continent has allele frequencies of p=0.2 and q=0.8, and a small island nearby has allele frequencies of p=0.8 and q=0.2. If migration occurs much more frequently from the continent to the island than in the reverse direction, after many generations we would expect the allele frequencies on the island to be:

p=0.2 and q=0.8

In a study of banding patterns in Lake Erie water snakes, snakes occurring on islands were
predicted to be _______________
When researchers sampled island populations, most of the snakes were

banded, unbanded

Effective population size (N.) is typically:

A smaller than the actual population size

In the figure below, which graph shows the strongest example of genotype by environment
interaction?

Right

Polynesian field cricket that are native to Australia have colonized many Pacific islands.
These island populations have reduced genetic diversity due to:

founder effect

Which evolutionary force likely has the smallest effect on changing allele frequencies
between generations, and causing populations to diverge from the expected frequencies at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

mutation

The results of experiments done by Clausen et. al in the 1940's are shown below. They grew low, mid, and high elevation plants in experimental gardens in each of those 3 sites. Their observation that mid-elevation plants grew taller than the other two types of plants at all 3 sites is evidence for variation in phenotype due to which source?

genes

Which type of mutation is likely to have the largest effect on the protein produced?

frameshift mutation

Given that the mutation rate in the human genome is about 1 x 10-8 substitutions per base pair per generation, about how many unique mutations are you expected to have that are not present in either of your parents?

tens of mutations

If a gene that is producing a useful protein is duplicated, and producing twice as much of the protein is also beneficial, which outcome of gene duplication is most likely?

gene conservation

Male peacocks have large displays of feathers, and females prefer males with the largest display. This trait likely evolved through:

intersexual sexual selection

In the figure shown here, among species of bats those which live in larger social groups tend to have larger testes. This is thought to be an adaptation to more intense sperm competition between males. This approach to study adaptation is:

a comparative study

Hamilton's rule states that altruistic behaviors will be favored by kin selection when:

rB > C

Which statement best describe the variation in mating success among the sexes in most
species of animals?

Variance in male mating success is higher than variance in female mating success

The fitness that occurs through the increased reproductive success of relatives due to an
altruistic behavior is called:

indirect fitness

The graph to the right illustrates the distribution of feeding heights of male (left) and female (right) giraffes.
Based on this data, what was concluded about why giraffes have such long necks?

Giraffes likely have long necks for some purpose other than feeding on vegetation high in trees

Which sex is expected to make more gametes during its lifetime?

Males

Prairie dogs giving alarm calls to nearby kin is an example of this type of social behavior

Altruism

Flies in the genus Zonosemata perform a behavior where they wave their banded wings when threatened in a manner similar to the threat display of jumping spiders. Based on experiments comparing predation on Zonosemata and house flies, it was concluded that:

Zonosemata flies mimic jumping spiders, and this reduced predation specifically by jumping spiders

Daphnia water fleas show variation among populations for phenotypic plasticity of phototactic behavior. Daphnia from which lake exhibited the strongest plasticity for the phototactic response?

A lake with a large fish population

Haplodiploid species such as bees have evolved eusociality, where there is a non-reproductive female worker caste. What is the coefficient of relatedness between worker bees and their sisters (the other female offspring of the queen that they are helping to raise)?

0.75

How does stabilizing selection influence the mean and variance of quantitative traits?

the mean stays the same and variance decreases

Researchers studying Begonia flowers wanted to know what the optimal size would be for unrewarding female flowers. Using artificial flowers, they found that the female flower size with the highest rate of pollination was:

larger than male flowers

Relative to mating solo, what is the fitness benefit received by a dominant male turkey that forms a coalition with a subordinate male?

6.1 offspring

A haplodiploid genetic system is required for a species to evolve eusociality

false

Which sex is expected to experience greater resource limitation of reproductive success?

Females

A social behavior which increases the fitness of the actor and reduces the fitness of the recipient would be categorized as:

Selfishness

The pattern of natural selection on quantitative traits where phenotypes at the mean of the distribution have the highest fitness is called:

stabilizing selection

Oxpeckers are birds that are found associated with large mammals, and were thought to remove ticks and keep wounds clean. When this was tested experimentally, it was found that the oxpeckers:

were parasites on the mammals

Female widowbirds prefer to mate with males with long tails. Experiments comparing widowbirds with experimentally shortened tails to control birds suggest that:

shorter tails are favored by natural selection, but longer tails are favored by sexual selection

The figure shown here illustrates the effect of body size
on probability of survival. This illustrates which form of selection?

disruptive selection

In a study comparing monozygotic (identical) twins to dizygotic (fraternal) twins, researchers found that hair color was more similar among pairs of monozygotic twins than it was betweer pairs of dizygotic twins. What do these results suggest about the inheritance of this trait?

This trait has high heritability

Ground squirrels with no kin nearby are ______ to give an alarm call when there are kin nearby

less likely

Male moose have large antlers that they use to fight during the mating season. This trait likely evolved through

sexual selection via male-male competition

On a graph with relative fitness on the Y-axis, and trait values (for example beak size) on the X-axis, the slope of the line is the:

selection gradient

Which type of social behavior is expected to be the least common?

spite

Researchers use cross-fostering experiments to evaluate the role of shared environments when estimating heritability. Suppose you compared birds raised in the nest of their biological parents with birds raised in the nest of unrelated foster parents. If birds resemble their foster parents to the same degree that birds resemble their biological parents, you would conclude that:

The heritability of the trait is low

The figure shown here suggests that:

sexual selection is stronger in males than females in this species

Use the same figure for questions 29 and 30.The figure shown here illustrates how relative fitness varied with beak depth and beak width in Galapagos finches during the drought of 1977. Which form of selection was acting on beak depth?

Directional

Use the same figure for questions 29 and 30. This figure illustrates how relative fitness varied with beak depth and beak width in Galapagos finches during the drought of
1977. Beak depth and beak width are strongly genetically correlated. As a consequence of this correlation the population of finches surviving the drought had beaks with:

large beak depth, and large beak width

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an organism with a "r- selected" life-history?

Producing few large offspring

in the court case of the State of Louisiana vs. Richard Schmidt, Dr. Schmidt was accused of deliberately infecting Janet Trahan with HIV. The key evidence presented in the related phylogeny of HIV genotypes showing that Janet Trahan's HIV was most closely related to:

An HIV positive patient being treated by Dr. Schmidt

Telomeres have been implicated as a factor contributing to the aging process. As individuals get older:

Telomeres get shorter

A virus transmitted person-to-person, such as influenza, likely has:

Lower virulence than a virus with vector-borne transmission

The bacterium Clostridium tetani produces a neurotoxin which causes tetanus in humans.
Which hypothesis best explains the high level of virulence seen in this bacteria?

coincidental evolution hypothesis

Female seed beetles can vary the size of the eggs that they lay based on the resource quality of the seeds that eggs will be laid on. If you did an experiment where you took a female that had been laying eggs on a high quality host plant, and moved her to a poor quality host plant, how would her egg production change?

She should make fewer larger eggs

Which of the following DOES NOT represent a Iife-history trade-off?

individuals producing more offspring within a clutch also produce larger offspring in each clutch

The HIV virus contains all of the following, except

DNA

Lack's hypothesis for clutch size predicts the clutch size that maximizes the number of surviving offspring. When this was experimentally tested, the actual clutch sizes found in a large study of great tits (Parus major) were:

Lower than the predicted optimal clutch size

Which component of the HIV virus is targeted by the drug AZT?

reverse transcriptase

Experiments that manipulated the clutch size of birds by either taking away or adding eggs to
nests have found:

Adding eggs to a female's nest will cause that female to produce lower clutch sizes in subsequent
years
Adding eggs to a female's nest will cause her daughters to produce lower clutch sizes than daughters raised in nests with eggs removed

When hosts are infected with multiple genotypes of HIV, within these hosts the HIV virus typically evolves to have:

higher replication rates

Individuals carrying the L68Q allele of the cystatin gene lived to normal life expectancy in the early 1800s, but by the 1900s, individuals with the same allele often died of stroke before age 40.
What explains this difference?

Changes in the environment experienced by humans, especially in diet, have changed the fitness
effects of this allele

Growing salmon in hatcheries and releasing them into the wild caused unintentional selection for eggs to become:

smaller

The figure shown here illustrates survival for mice with
normal, experimentally elevated, and experimentally reduced expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53. Which curve illustrates the survival of mice with normal p53 activity?

C

The figure shown below illustrates the effect of anther smut fungus and seed predation by moths in Silene latifolia when European and American plants were grown together in common gardens in the native European range of the plant. These results support the:

escape from enemies hypothesis

Which organism is predicted to have a faster rate of evolutionary change?

a virus

HIV-1 group M accounts for 95% of human infections. It is believed to have been transmitted to humans from which of the following organisms?

chimpanzees

In fruit flies, the methuselah allele increases lifespan, but decreases reproduction. The effects of this allele are an example of the:

antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis

Invasive species typically evolve altered life history traits. Relative to the species in its native range, when a species becomes invasive, it often evolves towards a more:

r life history

the figure shown below illustrates offspring production (left) and survival (right) for 3 different species. Which of these best represents a species with r life history?

C

What is the function of the HIV protein integrase?

Splice HIV DNA into the host genome

H3 influenza variants caused human flu outbreaks starting in the 1960s. The H3 version of hemagglutinin originally evolved in:

birds

A highly virulent virus that is transmitted person to person is likely to have

low rates of transmission

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for transcribing viral RNA into DNA in the HIV
virus?

reverse transcriptase

HIV-1 group M accounts for 95% of human infections in the current HIV pandemic. When did this variant enter into the human population?

the first half of the 20th century

Large mammals like elephants have

'K" life history

The tumor-suppressor gene p53 has been implicated as playing a role in both aging and cancer. Individuals with high p53 activity:

Have lower rates of cancer, but show premature signs of aging

An influenza strain that is has well adapted to infecting human hosts is likely to have

poor adaptation to avian hosts

Vector-borne diseases such as those transmitted by insects or contaminated water always have high virulence

false

Salivary amylase helps us break down starches in our diet. The number of copies of the gene for salivary amylase is variable among human populations, and is higher in populations with high starch diets. This pattern is consistent with which of the following processes following gene duplication?

Gene conservation

Cladogenesis is the process of:

divergence of a lineage to create two new evolutionary lineages

If formerly geographically and reproductively isolated species come back into contact with one another, what is likely to happen?

Selection for traits that reduce hybridization
Formation of a hybrid zone in the geographic area where the species overlap
The hybrids between the two species can form a new species via hybrid speciation
The two species will be reproductively or genetically incompatible with one another

Apple maggot flies originally laid their eggs on hawthorn fruits, but with the introduction of apples, some apple maggot flies began laying their eggs on apples instead, resulting in two populations of flies that do not interbreed. This type of population divergence could lead to:

Sympatric speciation

The Sialic acid synthase (SAS-B) and anti-freeze (AFP-III) protein genes in Antarctic eelpout fish are hypothesized to be the result of sub-functionalization following gene duplication to alleviate adaptive constraint. Under this hypothesis, in the ancestral gene (before duplication) selection for greater antifreeze activity would have resulted in:

reduced silica acid production

A mobile genetic element inserting itself into the genome would have the largest deleterious effect if it was inserted into:

an exon

Stickleback fish are usually found in the ocean, but have invaded freshwater lakes and rivers many different times. Freshwater sticklebacks have greatly reduced bony armor plates, and fish from different freshwater populations have the same allele at the Ectodysplasin (Eda) gene which controls armor production. What does this imply about the genes responsible for the evolution of reduced armor?

This is an example of adaptation from standing genetic variation

A biologist studying a population of birds discovers that all of the birds at one location look identical, but there are actually two groups of birds which do not interbreed due to differences in courtship song and timing of reproduction. If these two groups of birds are in fact separate species, they would be referred to as:

cryptic species

A biologist studying a population of birds discovers that all of the birds at one location look identical, but there are actually two groups of birds which do not interbreed due to differences in courtship song and timing of reproduction.
In the scenario above (question 8), which species concept would be the LEAST useful in determining how many species are present?

Morphological species concept

Genome size (measured in number of base pairs) is positively correlated with the amount of protein coding DNA in all organisms:

false