nr 283: elimination, bowel obstruction, renal insufficiency, liver disease Questions with 100% correct answers -Chamberlain

What is elimination in the context of the human body?

The process of removing waste from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and intestines (stool).

What are the primary organs responsible for elimination?

Kidneys and intestines.

What can altered elimination lead to?

Disruption of homeostasis, ranging from discomfort to life-threatening conditions.

Define emesis.

Vomiting.

What is fecal incontinence?

Involuntary passage of stool.

What does urinary incontinence refer to?

Involuntary passage of urine.

What is gastric motility?

The movement of the stomach muscles that helps with digestion and movement of food.

What is urinary hesitancy?

The sensation of needing to urinate but producing little or no output.

Define urinary frequency.

Needing to urinate more often than normal.

What is nocturia?

Increased urination at night.

How do elimination patterns differ in infants and toddlers?

They initially lack muscle and sphincter control, which develops during early childhood.

What factors can alter elimination patterns in pregnant women?

Increased pressure on the bladder and decreased intestinal peristalsis.

What physiological changes in older adults can affect elimination?

Reduction of renal blood flow, decreased functioning nephrons, and weakened urethral muscles.

What is the role of the liver in digestion?

It stores nutrients, synthesizes proteins, and produces bile for fat digestion.

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

What is the primary site of nutrient absorption in the digestive system?

The ileum.

What is the function of the large intestine?

Absorption of water and electrolytes, and formation of solid feces.

What is the significance of dietary fiber in bowel elimination?

Increased fiber promotes intestinal motility and larger fecal mass.

List some risk factors for altered bowel elimination.

Lack of dietary fiber, lack of exercise, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medications.

What is the function of gastric secretions?

To dilute gastric contents and initiate protein digestion.

What is chyme?

The creamy material formed in the stomach after food mixing with gastric secretions.

What role do bicarbonate ions play in digestion?

They neutralize gastric acid in the duodenum, allowing intestinal enzymes to function.

What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?

It secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum.

What is the role of intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells?

It is required for the absorption of vitamin B12.

What happens to bilirubin in the large intestine?

It is converted to urobilinogen, which gives feces its brown color.

What is the significance of colonic movements?

They allow for fluid absorption and formation of solid feces.

What is the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

To prevent the reflux of gastric contents back into the esophagus.

What are some common digestive hormones?

Gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin.

What is the role of saliva in digestion?

It moistens food and contains amylase, which begins carbohydrate digestion.

How does aging affect renal function?

It leads to reduced renal blood flow and decreased number of functioning nephrons.

What does altered bowel elimination refer to?

A change in the frequency and/or consistency of typical bowel movements.

What are common forms of altered bowel elimination?

Constipation and diarrhea.

What are some risk factors for altered bowel elimination?

Lack of dietary fiber, obesity, increased stress, pregnancy, certain medications, delayed bowel emptying, tobacco use, and underlying diseases.

What is anorexia in the context of bowel elimination?

Loss of appetite that occurs before nausea and vomiting.

What is the medical term for vomiting?

Emesis.

What is diarrhea?

Excessive frequency of stools, usually loose or watery.

What is constipation?

Less frequent bowel movements than normal, resulting in small hard stools.

What complications can arise from diarrhea?

Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, and malnutrition.

What are some risk factors for fecal incontinence?

Advanced age, diarrhea, impaired mobility, impaired cognition, and injury affecting the rectal neuropathway.

What is steatorrhea?

Fatty diarrhea characterized by bulky, greasy stools due to malabsorption syndromes.

What is the significance of blood in the stool?

It can indicate various conditions, including lesions, ulcers, or gastrointestinal bleeding.

What is frank blood in stool?

Visible blood on the surface of the stool, often from rectal or anal lesions.

What is occult blood in stool?

Hidden blood that is not visible but detectable through stool tests.

What are common imaging tests for bowel elimination issues?

X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI.

What is the purpose of using a contrast medium in imaging?

To provide greater detail and clarity in the images of the digestive system.

What types of laboratory tests are used for bowel elimination diagnosis?

Blood tests, stool tests, and visual examination of tissue.

What is the role of direct visualization in bowel diagnostics?

To see tissues and obtain biopsies of suspected lesions.

What is the impact of dehydration in infants and the elderly due to GI disorders?

They are particularly vulnerable to fluid loss from vomiting and diarrhea.

What are the potential social impacts of fecal incontinence?

It may lead to depression and withdrawal due to lifestyle and relationship consequences.

What is the difference between large volume and small volume diarrhea?

Large volume diarrhea is watery due to increased secretions, while small volume diarrhea is often associated with inflammatory bowel disease and may contain blood or mucus.

What can cause metabolic alkalosis in vomiting?

Loss of hydrochloric acid due to vomiting.

What can cause metabolic acidosis in diarrhea?

Heavy losses of bicarbonate in the stool.

What is the purpose of imaging tests in bowel elimination disorders?

To confirm alterations after identifying signs and symptoms.

What is the relationship between nausea and gastrointestinal issues?

Nausea is stimulated by irritation or inflammation of the GI tract.

What is retching?

A reflex that may precede vomiting, where chyme ascends in the esophagus and falls back into the stomach.

What types of pain may patients experience with bowel disorders?

Burning, aching, cramping, sharp, or dull pain depending on the cause.

What are the potential causes of malnutrition related to bowel elimination?

Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorption, liver damage, and vitamin deficiencies.

What are the primary components of stool that aid in bowel elimination?

Water and fiber

What foods should be avoided to prevent gastrointestinal irritation?

Alcohol, caffeine, fatty foods, and foods containing sugar alcohols

What is the role of physical activity in bowel elimination?

It promotes gastric motility.

What is primary prevention for altered bowel elimination?

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, increasing water and fiber intake, and practicing good bowel habits.

What are two common screening tests for colon cancer?

Screening for occult blood and colonoscopy.

What is the main function of the urinary system?

To remove waste from the blood by converting it to urine.

What are the components of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

What is the biggest risk factor for altered urinary elimination?

Advanced age.

What is urinary incontinence?

The lack of voluntary bladder control.

What is stress incontinence?

increased intraabdominal pressure forces urine through the sphincter.

What is urge incontinence?

The sudden need to urinate quickly followed by bladder contraction and urination.

What is overflow incontinence?

incompetent bladder sphincter causes urine leakage.

What is functional incontinence?

physical or cognitive limitations rather than an abnormality in the urinary tract.

What are manifestations of urinary incontinence?

Leaking urine during activities, sudden urge to urinate, and inability to reach a toilet in time.

What is urinary retention?

The inability to leave urine from the bladder.

What can cause urinary retention?

Blockage in the urethra, enlarged prostate, or neurological problems.

What are the symptoms of acute urinary retention?

Inability to urinate, severe lower abdominal pain, and urgent need to urinate.

What is the difference between acute and chronic urinary retention?

Acute has a sudden onset with severe symptoms; chronic has a slow onset with few symptoms.

What are common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Microorganisms entering and infecting any part of the urinary tract, primarily E. coli.

What is cystitis?

Infection and inflammation of the bladder.

What is urethritis?

Infection and inflammation of the urethra.

What is pyelonephritis?

Infection and inflammation of the kidneys.

What are the risk factors for altered urination?

Advanced age, altered cognition, impaired mobility, obesity, smoking, and enlarged prostate.

What treatment options are available for urinary incontinence?

Bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medications, and surgery.

What is the purpose of double voiding in urinary retention?

To help empty the bladder more completely by urinating, waiting, and then attempting to urinate again.

What lifestyle changes can help prevent urinary incontinence?

Using absorbent pads, emptying the bladder when the urge is felt, and avoiding caffeine.

What are some risk factors for urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Women (shorter urethra, proximity to anus, baths), improper hygiene, older men (BPH), elderly (decreased fluid intake), incontinence, immobility, renal calculi, urinary retention.

What are common manifestations of a lower UTI?

Dysuria, urgency, frequency, lower abdominal pain/distention, cloudy/odorous urine.

What additional symptoms indicate an upper UTI (Pyelonephritis)?

Flank pain, chills, fever, nausea/vomiting.

What is urosepsis?

An infection that starts in the urinary tract and spreads to the blood.

What is glomerulonephritis?

Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in glomerulonephritis?

Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex) reaction.

What are the main manifestations of glomerulonephritis?

Smoky or coffee-colored urine, edema (especially in the face), elevated blood pressure, flank pain, oliguria.

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A secondary disorder characterized by increased glomerular permeability, leading to significant protein loss in urine.

What are the key manifestations of nephrotic syndrome?

Proteinuria, frothy urine, massive generalized edema, high cholesterol in blood.

What are renal calculi?

Kidney stones that form in the urinary tract due to excessive insoluble salts or high filtrate concentration.

What are common risk factors for kidney stones?

Hypercalcemia, inadequate fluid intake, gout, immobility.

What is renal colic?

Severe flank pain radiating to the groin caused by kidney stones moving through the ureter.

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of prostatic tissue causing urethral obstruction, common in older men.

What are common symptoms of BPH?

Hesitancy, dribbling, decreased force of stream, nocturia, bladder distention.

What complications can arise from BPH?

Urinary retention, dilated ureters, hydronephrosis, urinary tract infection.

What imaging tests are used for urinary disorders?

X-ray, CT scan, ultrasound, intravenous pyelogram (IVP), cystoscopy.

What laboratory tests are used to confirm urinary disorders?

Blood tests, urine tests, combined tests.