Psych 160 exam 2 JMU

Piaget's substage 1: simple reflexes

during the first month of life, various refluxes determine the infants relationship with the world.

Piaget's substage 2: first habits and primary circular reaction

1 to 4 months. coordinate what were separate actions into a single, intergraded action. I.e. combine grabbing an object and sucking on it.

Piaget's substage 3: secondary circularly reactions

4 to 8 months. infants begin to act on the outside world.

Piaget's substage 4: coordination of secondary circular reactions

8 to 12 months. Infants use calculated approaches to produce events.

Piaget's substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions

12 to 18 months. deliberate variation of actions. i.e dropping a toy repeatedly and watching how it falls

Piaget's substage 6: beginning of thoughts

18 months to 2 years. Infants gain the capacity of symbolic thought. They can imagine where objects they cannot see might be.

opperation

organized, formal, logical, mental processes.

Schema

an organized pattern of sensory motor functioning

assimilation

the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking.

accommodation

changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events

adaption

changes in the methods, materials, or concepts being taught based on the student's needs.

symbolic functions

the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present

conservation

the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

centration

the process of concentration on one limited aspect of stimulus and ignoring other aspects.

object Permanence

the realization that people and objects existeven when they cannot be seen

Deferred Imitation

an act in which a person who is no longer present is imitated by children who have witnesses a similar act.

mental representation

an internal image of a past event or object.

Transformational Thoughts

the process in which one state is changed into another

ecocentric thoughts

thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others

intuitive thoughts

thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world

Piaget's Preoperational Stage

ages 2-7. children use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.

Piaget's formal operational stage

ages 12-15. people develop the ability to think abstractly.

Piaget's substage 2 of preoperational stag- concrete operational stage

7-12 years old. Characterized by active and appropriate use of logic.

abstract thinking

the ability to think about objects, principles, and ideas that are not physically present.

Hypothetico Deductive Reasoning

process description of the scientific method

Theory of post formal thoughts

Gisela Labouvi-Vief. thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in realistic terms.

theory of dualistic thinking

William Perry. "something is right or wrong, people are either good or bad" common in college students.

Relativistic thinking

William Perry. Each person makes judgments reflecting their enculturation

Absolute thinking

William Perry. some fixed principles are true apart from their being endorsed by any individual or group

4 new stages of cognitive development

Warner Schai. focused on the ways in which information was used in adulthood.

acquisitive stage

Sachi. First stage in cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence, in which the main developmental task is to acquire information.

achieving stage

Sachi. The point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contributions

responsible stage

Sachi. The stage where the major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers.

executive stage

Sachi. The period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than earlier, including concerns about the world.

reintegration stage

the period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

according to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance fo someone more competent.

Scaffolding

Vygotsky. The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

Sociocultural Dynamic Interactions

A theory used to describe awareness of circumstances surrounding individuals and how their behaviors are affected specifically by their surrounding, social and cultural factors.

information processing approaches

approaches to cognitive development that seek to identify ways that individuals take in, use, and store information

encoding

process by which information is initially recorded in a form of usable memory.

storage

the maintenance of material saved in memory

retrieval

the process by which material in memory storage is located brought into awareness, and used.

automatization

degree to which n activity requires attention

concepts

cauterizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties.

when can information be processed?

only when input, output, and storage are all operating

chunking

strategize to enhance information processing where you create meaningful groups of stimuli that can be stores as a unit in short term memory.

mnemonics

strategize to enhance information processing where you make formal strategies for organized material in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered.

sensory store

the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instance. Part of the information processing model.

short term memory

the short-duration, limited-capacity memory component in which selected input from the memory store is worked on. second step of the information processing model, gotten to by paying attention

working memory

a set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information

long term memory

the memory component in which information is stored on a relatively permeant basis

attention

information processing involving the ability to strategically choose among and sort out different stimuli in the environment.

planning

the ability to locate attention resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve

infantile amnesia

the lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to three years of age

autobiographical memory

memory of particular events from ones own life

operating efficiency hypothesis

people are able to remember material better with age bc they press information more quickly and use more effective suitable strategies

scripts

general representations in memory of a sequence or series of events

meta memory

an understanding about the process that underlines memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood

code based approaches to reading

reading should be taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading. emphasizes sounds of letters and their combinations. superior to whole language approach to reading

whole language approach to reading

reading is viewed as a natural process, similar to the acquisition of oral language.

critical thinking

thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successfully

perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

information processing model

according to Atkinson and Shiffrin, there are several steps in the process that permit encoding, storage, and retention of information, similar to a computer that passes information through a sequential series of steps

central executive tasks

1. manipulate info

2. sorting

3. rehearsal

4. organization

As age increases, children become better at ignoring

_____ stimuli

declarative memories

memories we can readily state in words

Procedural Memories

memories for the performance of actions or skills

ADHD

characteristics- inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

medications and side effects- Adderall (loss of appetite, dry mouth, dizziness)

Autobiographical Memory

the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story

memory vs. metamemory

memory is something you actually remember, where as metamemory is understanding what memory is and the process of memory.

Being better Organized, paying Attention, Rehearsing are...

mnemonic stratagies

Encoding Specific Phenomenon

human memories are more easily retrieved if external conditions at the time of retrieval are similar to those in existence at the time the memory was stored.

phonemes

the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences

morphemes

the smallest language unit that has meaning

semantics

the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences.

prelinguistic communication

communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means

holophrases

one-word utterances that depend on the particular context in which they are used to determine meaning

first sentences

around 18 months childcare start linking words together to convey a single thought. Children speech most often uses similar order and sentence structure, although not all of the words are initially included

telegraphic speech

speech in which words not critical tp the message are left out

underextension

using words to restrictively, which is common amoung children just mastering spoken language

overextension

words are used too broadly over generalizing their meaning

syntax

the combining of words and phrases to form sentences

fast mapping

the process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter

grammar

the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed

pragmatics

the aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others

private speech

spoken language that is not intended for others, commonly used bu children during preschool years.

metalinguistic awareness

as understanding of one's own use of language

language-acquisition device

Noam Chomsky. A neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language structure and provide strategies for earning the particular characteristics of a language.

learning theory approach of language development

the theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning. "reinforcement and conditioning approach"

Nativist theory of language development

a theory that a genetically determined, inmate mechanism directs the development of language. "Genetically, Innate Mechanism approach," s/o Noam Chompsky for this

The Interactionist Theory of language development

suggests that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and eavronemtnal circumstances

binet

linked intelligence and school success

intelligence quotient

IQ. a score that takes into account a students mental age and chronological age. IQ= (mental age) / (Chronological age) x 100. product of both nature and nurture

stanford-binet inelegance scale, fifth edition (SB5)

a test that consists off a series of items that very according to the age of the person being tested

Wechsler intelligente scale for children -IV (WISC-IV)

a test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS- IV)

a test for adults that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score.

Kaufman Assistent Battery for Children ( KABC-II)

a children's intelligence test permitting unusual flexibility in its admission.

reliability

a quality of test that measures consistently what they are trying to measure

validity

a quality of test that actually measures what they are supposed to measure

culture fair IQ tests

tests designed to be independent of the cultural background of test-takers