Primary Succession

where no community WHAT previously – no WHAT

where no community EXISTED previously – NO SOIL

ex: volcanic island, retreating glacier

begins with WHAT organisms, like lichen (pioneer species) – must be able to survive WHAT conditions

begins with COLONIZING organisms, like lichen (pioneer species) – must be able to survive HARSH conditions – high/low temperatures, extreme dryness, humidity (r-selected species)

develop WHAT to maintain reasonable temperatures and humidity levels

develop MICROCLIMATE to maintain reasonable temperatures and humidity levels

soil building may take from WHAT to a WHAT years

soil building may take from HUNDREDS to a THOUSAND years

What is the order

lichen → mosses→ ferns, shrubs grasses → pines →beeches and maple trees