reading vocab words

phoneme

individual sound

morphology

study of word parts and their meanings

morphemes

smallest units of meaning in a word. ex, un (not), believe (trust), able (capable)

phonological awareness (umbrella)

overarching skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language, including parts of words, syllables, onsets, and rimes.

phonemic awareness (under the umbrella)

understanding the individual sounds or (phonemes) in words

phonics

understanding the relationship between sounds and spelling patterns representing those sounds

onset

beginning consonant OR consonant cluster (tr)

rimes

vowel and consonants that follow an onset consonant cluster (ain)

segmentation

breaking a word apart

alliteration

words with the same initial sounds

onset and rime blending and segmentation

blend or segment the (onset) initial consonant or consonant cluster and the (rime) vowel and consonant sounds following the rime as in tr- -ack, b- -at, sl- -eep.

receptive

reading, listening

expressive

speaking, writing

the alphabetic principle

the idea that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken language

pragmatics

social cues or norms in language.

discourse

speaking and listening skills in language. discourse means dialogue

phoneme-grapheme means

letter-sound

recursive

previously taught

decoding

sounding out words while reading

encoding

the process of hearing a word and spelling it based on sounds and phonics

fluency

moving through the text accurately without having to stop to decode

comprehension

reading fluently and understanding the text by forming pictures in the brain, predicting, and asking questions

diphthong

sounds formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another. example, aisle

grapheme

letter representing a phoneme (sound)

schwa sound

a vowel sounds that makes an “uhh” sound. examples, ballon, problem

root word

the root of a word is the basic part of the word. example, unbelievable, root is believe

prefixes

addition to a root word to form a new word at the BEGINNING

suffixes

additions to a root word to form a new word at the END

etymology

study of the origins of words and how they changed over time

affixes

additions to the roots. prefixes and suffixes are affixes

free morphemes

morphemes that can stand alone. closely, close can stand by itself

bound morphemes

morphemes that only have meaning if they are connected to another morpheme. ly cannot stand by itself in closely

closed syllable

a syllable with a single vowel followed by one or more consonants. example, cat

open syllable

a syllable that ends with a single vowel. example. go

r-controlled

a syllable with one or two vowels followed by the letter r.

syllable

small groups of sounds you hear in each word. it must have a vowel

cueing system

students use their background knowledge (schema) and apply to understanding words

semantic cues

using clues in the text or prior knowledge to determine meaning

syntactic cues

students use language structure and grammar. example, student says sat instead of sit when referring to yesterday

graphophonic cues

the letter-sound or sound-symbol relationships of language. Readers identifying unknown words by relating speech sounds to letters or letter patterns. example, student knows that the word make has a long /a/ sound because of the vowel after the k.

compound word

formed by combining two or more words to create a new word with a distinct meaning. example, sun+flower=sunflower

homophones

words that sound the same but spelled differently. example, plain or plane

homographs

words that are written the same but have different sounds and meanings. example, tear (water coming from eye) and tear (to rip)

prosody

the way we use our voice to make speech and reading sound lively, expressive, and meaningful.

automaticity

fast, effortless word recognition that comes with repeated reading practice. When students are reading at > 95% accuracy, they have automaticity

accuracy

is the number of words a student reads correctly.

rate

is the speed at which students read words correctly. Rate is typically expressed in correct words per min (wpm).

stages of fluency

1. Accurate, automatic letter naming

2. Word reading

3. Reading connected text

4. Reading complex academic texts

refrain

One student reads the narrative part of the text; the rest of the class reads the refrain.

antiphon

The class is divided in two groups; one group reads one part, and the other group reads the other part

basal reading

leveled reading books

simile

using like or as

imagery

a description that conveys a clear picture to the reader

metaphor

applying a word or phrase to an individual or thing. example, he was a lion filled with rage

personification

attributing human characteristics to something not human. example, the crayons danced across the paper

onomatopoeia

a word with a sound associated with it. example, POW! or BAM!

hyperbole

exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally. the car cost me millions of dollars

idioms

a word or phrase that meanings something different from its literal meaning. example, it’s raining cats and dogs

noun

person, place, or thing

verb

action words

pronoun

replaces a noun

adjective

describes nouns

semicolons

separate two independent clauses that are related

colons

separate an independent clause and a list

apostrophe

form a contraction (do + not= don’t) AND to show possession. singular/plural or one thing is ‘s. plural and more than one thing is s’.

formative assessment

informal and ongoing. example, observation or exit ticket or quizzes

summative assessment

formal and outcome driven. examples, state assessments or final exams

universal screaming

An assessment used to place students in appropriate classrooms or grade level.

informative reading inventory (IRI)

individually administered diagnostic assessment designed to evaluate students’ independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels.