Theoretical Models or Approaches in Community Health Nursing

PRELIMS

community health nursing

Focuses on promoting, protecting, and preserving the health of populations through prevention, education, advocacy, and partnership.

1. Perceived susceptibility

2. Perceived Severity

3. Perceived Benefits

4. Perceived Barriers

5. Cues to Action

6. Self-efiicacy

Give the 6 Construct of Health Belief Model

Perceived Susceptibility

A person’s or group's personal belief about their risk of getting a disease or health problem.

Perceived Severity

A person's or group's personal judgment about how serious a health problem is and what bad things will happen if they do not treat or prevent it.

Perceived Benefits

A person's or group's belief in the positive outcomes and effectiveness of adopting a recommended health action to reduce a health risk.

Perceived Barriers

A person's or community's subjective view of the obstacles, costs, or negative aspects linked to doing a recommended health action.

Cues to Action

Internal or external triggers that spark a person or group to change a health habit

Self-efficacy

A person's or group's confidence in their ability to perform specific health actions.

Milio’s Framework of Prevention

this framework suggests that people are more likely to adopt healthy behaviors when their environment provides opportunities and resources that support those behaviors.

Nancy Milio

who developed the framework that suggests that people are more likely to adopt healthy behaviors when their environment provides opportunities and resources that support those behaviors.

Population Focus

Targets communities and populations rather than individuals.

health promotion

Prioritizes preventing disease by creating healthier environments.

Policy change

Encourages policies that improve access to health services, education, nutrition, housing, and safe environments.

community participation

Involves community members in identifying health needs and developing solutions.

resource availability

Healthy choices become easier when resources such as parks, clinics, healthy foods, and transportation are accessible.

• Advocating for smoke-free public places.

• Organizing community vaccination programs.

• Promoting healthy school meal policies.

• Supporting affordable housing and sanitation initiatives.

• Working with local governments to improve access to healthcare services.

Community health nurses can apply Milio's framework by:

Pender’s Health Promotion Model

This explain and predict health-promoting behaviors. The model focuses on improving well-being and preventing illness by encouraging individuals to adopt healthy lifestyles rather than simply avoiding disease. It explains how a person's experiences, beliefs, and environment influence their motivation to engage in behaviors that promote health.

Nola J. Pender

who developed the Health Promotion Model (HPM) in 1982

• Promote healthy eating and regular physical activity.

• Encourage immunization and disease prevention.

• Support smoking cessation programs.

• Provide health education and counseling.

• Develop wellness and lifestyle improvement programs.

Application in Community Health Nursing Community health nurses use Pender's model to:

Precede-proceed Model

is a comprehensive planning and evaluation framework for health promotion and disease prevention.

Lawrence W. Green and Marshall W. Kreuter

Who developed the precede-proceed model

precede-proceed model

it helps community health nurses identify community health needs, design appropriate interventions, implement programs, and evaluate outcomes.

precede and proceed

two major phases of Lawrence W. Green and Marshall W. Kreuter:

precede

Focuses on planning and assessment.

proceed

Focuses on implementation and evaluation

Predisposing Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation

PRECEDE stands for?

Social assessment

Identifies the community's quality of life and social concerns.

Determines what community members perceive as important.

Example: High unemployment, poor housing, or increasing cases of diabetes.

Epidemiological Assessment

Identifies health problems and their causes.

Uses data to determine priorities.

Example: High rates of hypertension, obesity, or tuberculosis.

Educational and Ecological Assessment

Identifies factors that influence health behaviors:

Predisposing factors – Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, values

Enabling factors – Resources, services, skills, accessibility

Reinforcing factors – Family support, peer influence, healthcare provider encouragement

predisposing factors

Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, values

Enabling Factors

Resources, services, skills, accessibility

Reinforcing Factors

Family support, peer influence, healthcare provider encouragement

1. Predisposing Factors

2. Enabling Factors

3. Reinforcing Factors

Three factors that influence health behaviors:

Administrative and Policy assessment

Assesses available resources, policies, budgets, personnel, and organizational support.

Identifies barriers to implementing health programs.

Example: Availability of nurses, funding, or local government support.

1. social assessment

2. epidemiological assessment

3. educational and ecological assessment

4. administrative and policy assessment

Give the four assessments under PRECEDE

Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development.

PROCEED stands for?

Implementation

Carry out the planned health promotion program.

Example: Conduct community health education, vaccination campaigns, or nutrition programs.

Policy Evaluation

Determines whether the program was implemented as planned.

Questions:

Were activities completed?

Was the target population reache

Impact Evaluation

Measures immediate effects of the intervention.

Example:

Increased health knowledge

Improved health behaviors

Higher vaccination rates

Outcome Evaluation

Measures long-term health outcomes.

Example:

Reduced disease incidence

Lower mortality rates

Improved quality of life

1. Implementation

2. Process Evaluation

3. Impact Evaluation

4. Outcome Evaluation

Four Under PROCEED?