neural substrates exam #2

olfactory nerve number

I

olfactory origin

olfactory bulb

olfactory fiber tyep

SVA

olfactory problems

anosmia

olfactory sensory, motor, or both

sensory

optic cranial number

II

optic origin

retina

optic fiber type

SSA

optic problems

visaul disturbances or loss of vision

optic sensory, motor, or both

sensory

oculomotor cranial nerve

III

oculomotor origin

midbrain

oculomotor fiber type

GSE and GVE

oculomotor problems

loss of pupillary light reflect, ptosis

oculomotor sensory, motor, or both

motor

trochlear cranial nerve

IV

trochlear origin

midbrain

trochlear fiber type

GSE

trochlear problems

nystagmus

trochlear sensory, motor, or both

motor

trigeminal cranial nerve

V

trigeminal origin

pons

trigeminal fiber type

GSA and GSE

trigeminal problems

loss of facial sensation, difficulty chewing, abnormal jaw-jerk reflex

trigeminal sensory, motor, or both

both

trigeminal three branches

ophthalamic, maxillary, mandible

abducen cranial nerve

VI

abducen origin

pons

abducen fiber type

GSE

abducen problems

eye rotates in and diplopia

abducen sensory, motor, or both

motor

facial cranial nerve

VII

facial origin

pons

facial fiber type

GVE, GSA, SVA

facial problems

facial paralysis

facial sensory, motor, or both

both

vestibulocochlear cranial nerve

VIII

vestibulocochlear origin

pons/medulla junction

vestibulocochlear fiber type

SSA

vestibulocochlear problems

hearing loss, balance problems, acoustic neuroma

vestibulocochlear sensory, motor, or both

sensory

glossopharyngeal cranial nerve

IX

glossopharyngeal origin

pons/medulla junction

glossopharyngeal fiber type

SVE, GVE, GVA, SVA

glossopharyngeal problems

absent gag and swallow reflex, loss of taste, and loss of pharyngeal movement

glossopharyngeal sensory, motor, or both

both

vagus cranial nerve

X

vagus origin

medulla

vagus fiber type

SVE, GVE, GSA, GVA, SVA

vagus problems

absent gag and swallow reflec, loss of velar movement, and loss of voice

vagus sensory, motor, or both

both

accessory cranial nerve

Xi

accessory origin

medulla, spinal cord

accessory fiber type

GSE

accessory problems

droopy shoulders, movement of neck

accessory sensory, motor, or both

motor

hypoglossal cranial nerve

XII

hypoglossal origin

medulla

hypoglossal fiber type

GSE

hypoglossal problems

loss of tongue movement

Spinal cord, external

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

cervical

7

thoracic

12

lumbar

5

sacral

1

coccyx

1

spinal cord, internal function

information superhigher converting motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent) information between brain and body

spinal cord internal fiber types

GSE, GVE, GSA, GVA

GSE fibers

to skeletal muscle

GVE fiber

to smooth muscle, heart, glands

GSA fibers

from skin

GVA fibers

from lungs and digestive tract

Dorsal

sensoryv

Ventral

motor

major motor tracts

lateral corticospinal and anterior (or ventral) corticospinal

major sensory tract

dorsal columns, spinothalamic, spinocerebellar

brainstem function

regulating major life functions, meditating head and neck refelxes, and alertness and wakefulness

cerebellum function

motor: Helps in planning, monitoring, and correction of motor movement using sensory feedback, Coordinates fine motor activity, Monitors head and body position, Participates in learning of new motor skills

linguistic: perception of speech/language, verbal working memeroy, verbal fluency, grammar processing, writing and reading

Cerebellar Peduncles

superior, middle and inferior

superior peduncle

connects cerebellum to midbrain

middle peduncle

connects cerebellum to pons

inferior peduncle

connects cerebellum to medulla

Cerebellar afferent

enters via inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles

Cerebellar efferents

exit via superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles

role of the cerebellum

compare what is happening to what is supposed to be happening then send corrective feedback

thalamus function

sensorimotor relay station/integrator

epithalamus

autonomic motor functions

subthalamus

motor functions

hypothalamus

autonomic functions

Thalamus is

the GREAT relay station between cortical and subcortical structures

thalamic problems

thalamic pain syndrome

• hemiparesis/hemiplegia

• dysesthesia (pain)

• slight ataxia

• cognition, speech, and language intact

Thalamic aphasia

• fluent verbal output with semantic paraphasias

• mild auditory comprehension issues

• mild to normal repeating skills

epithalamus connects the limbic system to

forebrain

pineal gland

produces melatonin

subthalamus connects basal ganglia to

motor cortex

group of structure of basal ganglia

globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus, subthalmic nucleus, substantia nigra

basal ganglia function

regulates complex motor functions

deep brain stimulation

stimulates the subthalamic nucleus

dyskinesia

abonormal, uncontrollable, involuntary movements

chorea

rapid, involuntary. purposeless movement of a body part

ventricles function

cerebral spinal fluid circulation and storage and CNS protection