PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY Q-4 REVIEWER

What is natural motion?

Objects move toward their natural place (e.g., stone falls downward).

What is violent motion?

Motion caused by applied force.

What is celestial motion?

Perfect circular motion of heavenly bodies.

What is diurnal motion?

Daily rising and setting of stars caused by Earth’s rotation.

What is annual motion?

Apparent yearly motion of the Sun among stars (caused by Earth’s revolution).

What is the precession of the equinoxes?

Slow wobble of Earth’s axis (~26,000 years cycle).

What evidence shows Earth is spherical from a lunar eclipse?

Circular shadow during lunar eclipse.

What observation about ships shows Earth is spherical?

Ships disappear bottom

What observation about stars shows Earth is spherical?

Different stars visible at different latitudes.

What did Plato require to “save the appearances”?

Use uniform circular motion.

What else did Plato require for astronomical models?

Preserve perfect heavens.

What must astronomical models match according to Plato?

Match observations mathematically.

What model of the universe did Eudoxus propose?

Concentric spheres.

What model did Aristarchus propose?

Early heliocentric.

What model did Ptolemy propose?

Geocentric + epicycles.

What model did Copernicus propose?

Heliocentric.

What model did Tycho Brahe propose?

Tychonic (mixed system).

Why is Pluto no longer a planet?

It failed the IAU requirement because it did not clear its orbit.

What is Pluto classified as now?

A dwarf planet.

What observations did Galileo make?

Phases of Venus, moons of Jupiter, lunar craters, and sunspots.

What did Galileo’s observations weaken?

The Ptolemaic system.

What did Tycho Brahe contribute to astronomy?

Collected precise data.

What does Kepler’s First Law state?

Planets move in ellipses.

What does Kepler’s Second Law state?

Equal areas in equal times.

What does Kepler’s Third Law state?

(T² ∝ r³.)

What did Aristotle believe about falling objects?

Heavier objects fall faster.

What did Galileo conclude about falling objects?

Same acceleration in vacuum.

What did Aristotle believe about force and motion?

Force sustains motion.

What did Galileo conclude about force and motion?

Force not needed to sustain motion.

***What does a position–time graph look like for constant velocity?***

**Straight line.**

What does a velocity–time graph look like for constant velocity?

Horizontal line.

What does a position–time graph look like for constant acceleration?*

Curve.

/What does a velocity–time graph look like for constant acceleration?/

Slanted line.

What is Newton’s First Law called?

Law of Inertia.

What is Newton’s Second Law….?

F = ma….

What is Newton’s Third Law?

Action–Reaction.

What is the law of gravity formula?

F = (Gm₁m₂) / r².

What does canceling mass in F = ma prove in gravity?

a = g.

What does this show about gravity?

Independent of mass.

What is the formula for momentum?

p = mv.

What is the conservation of momentum equation?

m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = m₁v'₁ + m₂v'₂.

Where is conservation of momentum commonly used?

Collision problems.

What is reflection in light interaction?

Bouncing.

What is refraction?

Bending.

What is transmission?

Passing through.

What is absorption?

Energy taken in.

What did Isaac Newton explain about white light?

White light contains many colors.

How did René Descartes explain rainbows?

Rainbow formed by reflection and refraction in droplets.

What is the wave equation?

v = fλ.

What is the energy of a photon?

E = hf

Which type of light has higher frequency and more energy that can cause sunburn?

UV light

Which type of light has lower energy and is safe for darkrooms?

Red light

Who proved that the speed of light is finite using Jupiter’s moons?

Ole Rømer

What do electron diffraction experiments show about electrons?

They show matter waves

What causes the blue color of the sky?

Rayleigh scattering

Why do sunsets appear red?

Shorter wavelengths are scattered away

Who is known for the concept of charge conservation?

Benjamin Franklin

Which scientist formulated Coulomb’s Law?

Charles

Who discovered the link between electricity and magnetism?

Hans Christian Oersted

Who discovered electromagnetic induction?

Michael Faraday

Who developed the unified electromagnetic theory?

James Clerk Maxwell

Which scientist produced radio waves experimentally?

Heinrich Hertz

Who proposed the theory of Special Relativity?

Albert Einstein

What does Special Relativity state about the laws of physics?

Are the same in all inertial frames

What does Special Relativity state about the speed of light?

The speed of light is constant

What effect in relativity causes time to slow down for moving objects?

Time dilation

What effect in relativity causes objects to shorten in the direction of motion?

Length contraction

What concept states that different observers may disagree about whether events occur at the same time?

Relativity of simultaneity

What equation expresses mass–energy equivalence?

E = mc²

What limit does relativity place on motion in the universe?

Cosmic speed limit

Which theory predicts Mercury’s orbital shift, gravitational lensing, and black holes?

General Relativity

What phenomenon describes the shift of light toward longer wavelengths as objects move away?

Redshift

What law describes the relationship between galaxy distance and recessional velocity?

Hubble’s Law

What radiation is considered evidence of the early universe?

Cosmic Microwave Background

What is the approximate age of the universe?

≈ 14 billion years

Which exoplanet detection method observes the dimming of a star?

Transit Method

Which exoplanet detection method detects the wobbling of a star?

Doppler Method

What is the formula for force?

F = ma

What is the relationship in Kepler’s Third Law?

T² ∝ r³

What is the formula for momentum?

p = mv

What is the wave equation relating velocity, frequency, and wavelength?

(v = fλ)

What formula relates photon energy to frequency?

E = hf…

What equation represents mass–energy equivalence?

E = mc²

$$Whatshouldstudentsmemorizeaccordingtothereviewertips$$

$$Key scientists and contributions$$

!!What type of problems should students practice according to the tips?!!

Kepler’s 3rd law problems!

@What computation should students review according to the tips?@

Conservation of momentum computations..@

^What comparison should students understand according to the tips?^

«Difference between Aristotle and Galileo»

(What concepts should students master according to the tips)?

(Wave equation and photon energy relation)

%What should students carefully review according to the tips?%

Relativity consequences%