Module 50 ~ depressive disorders and bipolar disorders

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Prolonged hopelessness lasting weeks or months.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Milder depression lasting 2 years or more.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Depression linked to seasonal changes.

Bipolar Disorder

Alternating periods of depression and hyperactivity.

Depressive Disorders

Varied depression types with different durations.

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Depression from inward-directed anger and loss.

Cognitive Perspective

Negative self-perceptions lead to depressive thoughts.

Cognitive Triad

Negative views about self, world, and future.

Pessimistic Attribution

Internal, global, and stable negative beliefs.

Learned Helplessness

Feeling powerless due to repeated failures.

Rumination

Cyclical negative thinking about problems.

Genetic Influences

Heritability of major depression around 40%.

Linkage Analysis

Studying family patterns of disease inheritance.

Polygenic Depression

Multiple genes contribute to depression risk.

Bipolar I Disorder

At least one manic episode required.

Bipolar II Disorder

Includes hypomanic and depressive episodes.

Rapid Cycling

Four or more mood episodes in 12 months.

Mania

Excited mood with poor judgment and high energy.

Hypomania

Less severe, shorter manic episodes.

Cyclothymia

Milder hypomanic and depressive episodes.

Biochemical Imbalances

Norepinephrine and serotonin levels affect mood.

Nutritional Effects

Certain foods linked to inflammation and depression.

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Environmental influences shape perceptions and beliefs.