ap bio test 1

What are the four macromolecules of life

Protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, lipid

What is a monomer

Small organic molecules used for building blocks of polymers, connects with dehydration synthesis

What is a polymer

Long molecules of monomers, many identical blocks linked by covalent bonds

What are macromolecules

Giant molecules, 2 or more polymers bonded together

What is dehydration synthesis

A chemical process in which two molecules become covalently bonded with the removal of a h2o molecule

What is hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by adding a h2o molecule

What does hydrolysis do (function)

Functions in the disassembly of polymers and monomers

function of hormonal protein

Coordination of an organism’s activities (eg. insulin)

Function of transport protein

Transportation (eg. hemoglobin)

Function of receptor proteins

Responses of a cell to chemical stimuli

Function of a motor protein

Movement

Function of a structural protein

Support (eg. keratin)

Function of a defensive protein

Protect from disease (eg. antibodies)

Function of a enzyme

Select acceleration ot chemical processes (eg. lactase)

Function of storage proteins

Store amino acids (eg. casein)

What are the four levels of protein structure

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Primary protein structure

Amino acid sequence (20 total), peptide bonds like amino acids to r group

Primary protein structure properties

Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, ionic - amino ( -nh2) acid (-cooh)

Secondary protein structure

Gains 3d shape by h bonding- folds (beta) coils (alpha)

Tertiary protein structure

Bonding between side chains of amino acids. H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic

Function of nucleic acids

Store hereditary info

Dna properties

Double standard helix, thymine base, store hereditary info, deoxyribose

Rna properties

Single strand, uracil base, carries info from from dna to ribosomes, sugar: ribose

nucleotides

Monomer of dna/rna

Nucleotide =

Sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

What do carbohydrates do

Act as fuel and building material

Simple sugars of carbs

Fructose

Polymer of carbs

Starch

Ratio of carbs

1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen

Monosaccharide =

Monomer (eg. glucose, ribose)

Polysaccharide =

Storage (starch for plants and animals glycogen) and structure (plant cellulose and arthropod chitin)

Lipids

Fats - store energy (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)

3 fatty acids

Saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated

Steroids =

Cholesterol + hormones

Phospholipids =

Lipid bilayer of cell membrane- hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail