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Critical Thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments/conclusions; it reveals biases, sketchy sources, and checks evidence.
Structuralism
A psychological approach used by Wundt and Titchener that employed introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
Humanistic Psychology
A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of humans.
Cognitive Psychology
The study of mental processes involved in perception, learning, memory, thinking, and communication.
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes.
Nature:Nurture Issue
The controversy over the contributions of biology (genes) and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
Evolutionary Psychology
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using natural selection.
Biopsychosocial Approach
An approach that includes biological, psychological, and sociocultural viewpoints.
Behavioral Psychology
The study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning.
Functionalism
A perspective that explains mental life and behavior in terms of adaptation to environmental challenges and opportunities.
Biological Psychology
The study of the links between biological and psychological processes.
Psychoanalytic
An early school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious causes for behavior.
Sociocultural Psychology
The examination of how social and cultural environments influence behaviors.
Clinical Psychology
A branch that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatrist
A physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders who can prescribe medication/therapy.
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it, often expressed as "I knew it all along."
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Operational Definition
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.
Replication
Repeating the main idea of a research study in different situations to see if the original finding can be reproduced.
Case Study
A technique in which one person is studied in great detail to reveal universal principles.
Naturalistic Observation
Observing natural situations without manipulation.
Survey
A method of obtaining attitudes/behaviors of a particular group through questioning a representative sample.
Sampling Bias
A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.
Population
The people who are the focus of research.
Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because all individuals have an equal chance of being included.
Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, indicating how well one factor predicts the other.
Correlation Coefficient
A statistical index of the relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to +1.
Scatterplot
A graphed cluster of dots representing the values of two variables; the slope indicates the relationship, and the scatter indicates strength.
Illusory Correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists.
Experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on behavior or mental processes.
Experimental Group
The group exposed to the treatment in an experiment.
Control Group
The group that does not receive the treatment in an experiment.
Random Assignment
Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance to minimize differences between groups.
Double-Blind Procedure
A method where both participants and staff are unaware of whether participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
Placebo Effect
Experimental results caused by expectations alone.
Independent Variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; its effect is being studied.
Confounding Variable
A factor other than the independent variable that might influence a study's results.
Dependent Variable
The outcome that is measured; it may change when the independent variable is manipulated.
Informed Consent
Providing participants with enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether to participate.
Debriefing
The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.
Mean
The average of a distribution.
Median
The middle number in a set of data listed in order.
Mode
The most frequently occurring score in a data set.
Note
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