Bonanno World History Honors Midterm Study Guide:)

Time period for the Age of Exploration

1400s- 1600s

European Nations that participated in the Age of Exploration

Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands

Causes of the Age of Exploration

Three G's

God- to spread Christianity

Gold- to gain wealth

Glory- Monarchs wanted to claim more territory to increase their power

Reason for wanting to spread Christianity

The Crusades left Europeans (Christians) with hostile feelings towards Muslims and they felt they needed to continue fighting the muslims and convert all the other Non-Christians

Reason for wanting new trade routes

During the Crusades, the Europeans came into contact with luxury goods and spices, and they desired these new sources of wealth and commodities.

Crusades

Religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims from 1096 to 1270

What makes European expansion possible?

New trade routes

Caravel

Ships with Triangular sails, designed to sail more effectively against the wind

Astrolabe

Helped to calculate the latitude (how far north or south of the equator the ship was)

Magnetic Compass

Accurately tracked direction

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese- wealthy prince who was interested in Western African commerce, spread wealth, territory, and Christianity for Portugal, starts the Age of Exploration (1419)

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese- Sailed to the southern tip of Africa (1488)

Vasco De Gama

Portuguese- went around the cape of Good Hope to India (1497)

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese- first to circumnavigate the world (1519)

Sponsored Christopher Columbus

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (Spanish)

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who was sponsored by Spain, tries to find a route by sailing west, "discovers" Hispaniola, Cuba, and South America

Vasco de Balboa

Spanish- First to see the pacific ocean by crossing the Panama (1513)

Hernan Cortes

Spanish- explorer who conquered the Aztecs (native group in Mexico), (1519)

Franciso Pizarro

Spanish- conquered the Incas (native group in South America), succeeded because they had stronger weapons, and they spread diseases to the Native Americans (1532)

John Cabot

English- wanted to find a northwest passage through North America (1497)

Sir Walter Raleigh

English- funded voyages to what is now North Carolina (1584)

Jacques Cartier

French- found the Saint Lawerence River - between North America and Canada (1534)

Samuel De Champlain

French- found lake Champlain and it goes from New York to Canada (1603)

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish- priest that does not support the harsh treatment and forced labor of the Native Americans

Henry Hudson

Sailed for both the British and the Dutch- found the Hudson River in NY

Triangular Trade

three way trade route between the America's, Europe, and Africa

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases

Encomienda System

A grant of land (hacienda) made by Spain, to a settler in the Americas, including the rights to use Native Americans as laborers on it. forced system of native American labor.

Goals of the Encomienda System

Make money for Spain, spread Christianity to Natives, reward explorers/conquistadors

Was the Encomienda system a success?

No, it failed and oppressed the Natives

Middle Passage

The voyage that brought captured Africans to the west Indies

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty between the Spanish and the Portuguese- Portugal gets Brazil and the eastern part of the line, Spanish gets everything to the west

Early Middle Ages dates

476-100

The early middle ages begin with...

The fall of Rome

The early middle ages are also known as...

The Dark Ages- lack of cultural advancement

High Middle Ages Dates

1000-1250

High Middle Ages

The Crusades- focus on religion

Feudalism- Political, economic, and social system. Characterized by a kings ownership of land and distribution of it to people in Exchange for Services

Late Middle Ages dates

1300-1500

Late Middle Ages

The black death kills 1/3 of Europe

Less emphasis on religion and more on science

Leads into the Renaissance

Renaissance

Rebirth- revival of art and learning

Birthplace of the Renaissance

Florence, Italy; 1300s-1600s

Renaissance had emphasis on

Art, literature, and learning. Wanted to bring back the Culture of Classical Greece and Rome

Ruled Florence at the time of the Renaissance, powerful banking family who were patrons of the arts

Medici Family

Secular

non religious; separation of church and state

humanism

an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

Classical Art (Ancient Greece/Rome)

Focused on harmony, balance and proportion. Typically shows leaders and Greek/Roman gods and goddesses

Medieval Art (Middle Ages/Crusades)

elaborately decorative patterns, bright colors, Religious/Christian Icons (iconography),

Renaissance Art

Revival of Classical art (idealism) with some religious themes

First to develop the geocentric theory

Exodus (380 BC0

Geocentric theory

Theory that stated that the earth was the center of the universe

Created the first telescope

Hans Lippershey

The heliocentric theory

Theory that the sun was the center of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus

Developed the heliocentric theory, published the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres in 1543

What theory did Galileo Galilei support?

Copernicus's theory of the Heliocentric model

What significant publication did Galileo release in 1610?

"Starry Messenger"

What did Galileo discover in his 1610 publication?

Jupiter's moons and evidence supporting Copernicus

What warning did the Catholic Church give to Galileo in 1616?

Not to support Copernicus

What is the title of Galileo's 1632 publication?

"Dialogue Concerning The Two Chief World Systems"

What happened to Galileo in 1633?

He stood on trial for Heresy for defending "Revolutions on Heavenly Spheres" book on the Index of Forbidden books

What law did Galileo discover related to motion?

The law of inertia (something in motion will stay in motion)

Rene Descartes

Deduction: doubt everything, even own existence, "I think therefore I am"

Deduction

Based on Fact

Induction

Based on observation, scientific method

Brahe

-Sponsored by Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II

- Ran most sophisticated observatory of his day

-Kept accurate records on Observation

Francis Bacon

Father of the Scientific method (inductive reasoning)

Kepler

Student of Brahe, 3 laws of motion

1) Elliptical orbits, not circular

2) Planets don't move at uniform speeds

3) time it takes to orbit is related to the distance of the sun

Issac Newton

Law of Universal Gravitation -mutual attraction

proportional to mass

- 3 laws of motion

- uses inductive and deductive methods

- argues for universe governed by natural laws

- wrote Principal Naturalis (1687)

These Christian humanists began to criticize the Catholic Church

Erasmus and Thomas Moore

Johan Gutanberg

creator of the printing press in 1454

Protestant

Type of Christianity

Reformation

to change (wanted to change the Catholic Church)

Social cause of the Reformation

The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church.

Political cause of the Reformation

Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe. Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority.

economic cause of the Reformation

European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth. Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church.

Religious cause of the Reformation

Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt. Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable.

Corruption

drinking, neglecting vows of celibacy, leading wars, etc.

Nepotism

giving family members jobs

Simony

the sale of religious office to the highest bidder.

absenteeism

members of the Clergy who do not live in their parish

Indulgences

payment to pardon sings and get into heaven

John Tetzel

Catholic priest who sold and supported the selling of indulgences

Catholic beliefs about sin and salvation

salvation by faith and good works

Catholic ultimate source of authority

Bible traditions are source of truth, Pope leads the Church and helps interpret the Bible, Hierarchy within the Church

Catholic Rituals and worship

Mass was in Latin, 7 sacraments, and Transubstantiation

Start of the Reformation

October 31st, 1517 Luther nails his 95 theses on the Church door

Luther beliefs about sin and salvation

Salvation by faith ALONE, good works do NOT get you salvation

Luther teachings about ultimate source of authority

Bible was the highest source of authority, people interpret the Bible for themselves, minsters are not needed, Council of elders leads church

Luther's teachings about rituals and worship

prayers in German not Latin. Practiced 2 sacraments: Baptism and Communion. Does NOT believe in transubstantiation

Pope Leo X

1520- threatens to excommunicate Luther unless he took back his statements

Diet of Worms

Church council where Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated

peasant revolt

1524- the printing press has allowed for more people to read the Bible, serfs agree with Luther and revolt (Luther does not support)

Peace of Augsburg

1555- ended Religious wars in Germany, treaty granted each prince the right to decide whether their subjects would be Lutheran or Catholic

Zwingli

Catholic priest in Zurich (Switzerland), influenced by Erasmus and Moore. 1520 destroys icons (iconoclast), started Anabaptist religion- no icons and interpreted the Bible literally as God's word

Anabaptist religion beliefs about sin and salvation

Sin was everywhere so to earn salvation you had to stay away from the rest of the world and lived in secluded communities

Anabaptist religion beliefs about Ultimate Source of Authority

Bible was the highest source of authority

Lived a simple life exactly as it was led by people in the bible

Anabaptist beliefs about Rituals and Worship

Baptism for adults

Held religious practices in the home

No statues, paintings or crucifixes that would distract from the bible

2 sacraments: Baptism and Communion

Who was John Calvin?

A French theologian

What religion did John Calvin start?

Calvinism

What is predestination according to John Calvin?

God already determined before you were born if you would go to heaven or not, and there is nothing you can do to change it.

In what year did John Calvin create a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland?

1541