KINESIOLOGY: GAIT PART I (EXAM V)

____ ____ is initiated at foot contact with the ground (heel contact/strike)

Stride length

_____ ____ is the length from touch down of one foot to touch down of the other foot

Stride length

____ ____ is distance between touch down of opposite feet

Step length

Average step width is ___-___ cm

8-10

____ ____ is the width between the R & L foot

Step width

_____ ____ is the amount of "toe out"

Foot angle

Average foot angle is ___-___ degrees

5-7

____ & ____ descriptors influence impairment and pathology on step length

Spatial & temporal

If the L hip is sore the ___ step length will be shorter (due to pain with WB on affected side)

R

_____ ____:

- step time

- stride time

- cadence/step rate

Temporal descriptors

____ ____ is the distance covered in a given amount of time

Walking speed

____ ____ is the most functional measure of walking ability

Walking speed

Normal walking speed: ____ m/s (____ mph)

1.37m/s (3mph)

Normal step rate: _____ steps/s (_____ steps/min)

1.87 steps/sec (110 steps/min)

Normal step length: ____ cm (_____ inches)

72cm (28inches)

How to increase ____ ____:

- increase stride or step length

- increase cadence

- typically both strategies used

Walking speed

Stance phase is ____%

60%

Swing phase is ____%

40%

Periods of ____ limb support:

- 0-10%

- 50-60%

Double

Periods of _____ limb support:

- 10-50%

- 60-100%

Single

As gait speed ______, the percent of double limb support becomes shorter

Increases

Double limb support phase disappears with ____ (replaced by flight phase)

Running

Division of gait cycle occur in ____ points in time

Single

Division of _____ ____:

1. Initial contact

2. Opposite toe off

3. Heel rise

4. Opposite initial contact

5. Toe off

6. Feet adjacent

7. Tibia vertical

8. Initial contact

Gait cycle

There are ___ periods between the divisions of gait cycle

7

_____ phase periods:

1. Loading response

2. Mid stance

3. Terminal stance

4. Pre swing

Stance

____ phase periods:

1. Initial swing

2. Mid swing

3. Terminal swing

Swing

_____ _____:

- initial contact to opposite toe off

Loading repsonse

____ ___:

- opposite toe off to heel rise

Mid stance

____ ___:

- heel rise to opposite initial contact

Terminal stance

____ ____:

- opposite initial contact to toe off

Pre swing

_____ ____:

- toe off to feet adjacent

Initial swing

____ ____:

- feet adjacent to tibia vertical

Mid swing

___ ___:

- tibial vertical to next initial contact

Terminal swing

COM displacement is often tracked by ____ or ____ displacement with walking

Head or torso

Directions of ____:

- forward

- vertical

- side to side

Displacement

Vertical displacement: ____ cm

5cm

Side to side displacement: _____cm

4cm

_____ velocity:

- mid stance

Lowest

____ velocity:

- double limb support

Highest

Body slows down & speeds up with each ____

Step

The higher up you are, the ____ potential energy you have

More

Kinetic energy = _____ mv^2

0.5

Potential energy = ____

Mgh

___ = mass of body

M

___ = velocity

V

____ = gravity

G

___ = height of COM

H

Pelvic tilting ____ with speed of ambulation (sagittal plane)

Increases

The pelvis has a total of __-__ degrees of anterior/posterior tilt (sagittal plane)

2-4

The hip is flexed ___ degrees at heel contact (sagittal plane)

30

The hip is extended ___ degrees before toe off (sagittal plane)

10

_____ pelvic tilt with associated lumbar lordosis can compensate for lack of passive hip extension (sagittal plane)

Anterior

_____ pelvic tilt with flattening of lumbar spine is a compensation for lack of hip flexion (sagittal plane)

Posterior

Knee (sagittal plane):

- mid swing: maximum knee flexion of _____ degrees

60

Knee (sagittal plane):

- toe off: ____ degrees of flexion

35

Knee (sagittal plane):

- mid stance through heel off: near full ____

Extension

Knee (sagittal plane):

- heel contact: _____ degrees flexion

(Continues to flex 10-15 degrees more, shock absorption and weight acceptance)

5

Ankle (sagittal plane):

- heel contact: slight _____

(Eccentrically controlled descent of foot to flat on ground)

PF

Ankle (sagittal plane):

- stance: _____ degrees DF needed

10

Ankle (sagittal plane):

- toe off: ___ degrees PF

20

Lack of ____ (sagittal plane):

- bouncing

- toe out

- foot pronation

- decreased ability to clear toes during swing phase

DF

First ____ joint (sagittal plane):

- slight PF and DF to help with flexibility and stability of foots medial longitudinal arch during gait

Tarsometatarsal

First ____ joint (sagittal plane):

- limitations can cause excessive toe out and less efficient push off

MTP

First MTP joint (sagittal plane):

- from heel off to just before toe off: approx. ____-____ degrees extension

45-55

At heel contact, the joints are aligned to reach ____ (sagittal plane)

Forward

Controlled knee flexion & ankle PF cushion for smooth ____ ___ (sagittal plane)

Weight acceptance

All joints of the LE extend to reach a height necessary for the ____/____ limb to advance (sagittal plane)

Opposite/swing

During ____, all joints shorten the LE for foot clearance (sagittal plane)

Swing

At ____ ____, the LE again reaches forward (sagittal plane)

Terminal swing

At heel strike your ankle is moving into PF, so ____ DF is occurring (sagittal plane)

Eccentric

The knee is relatively stable in the _____ plane

Frontal

Hip (frontal plane):

- elevation and depression of iliac crests contributes to hip ____ & ____

ABD & ADD

Pelvis (frontal plane):

- rotates through ___-___ degrees as a result of pelvis on femur ADD & ABD on the stance limb

10-15

Excessive movement of the ____ & ____ may be due to (frontal plane):

- discrepancy in limb length

- reduced "shortening" of the swing limb, hip hiking

- weakness of hip ABD

Pelvis & hip

Subtalar joint (frontal plane):

- inverted __-__ degrees at time of heel contact

2-3

Subtalar joint (frontal plane):

- maximal eversion of ___ degrees at mid stance

2

Subtalar joint (frontal plane):

- back to inversion of ____ degrees between heel off and toe off

6

Joint kinematics in the ____ plane are described from the top view

Horizontal

Pelvis (horizontal plane):

- rotates ___-___ degrees in each direction

3-4

Femur (horizontal plane):

- rotates __-__ degrees in each direction

6-7

Tibia (horizontal plane):

- rotates __-__ degrees in each direction

8-9

The knee is highly variable in the ____ plane

Horizontal

Hip (horizontal plane):

- maximally ___ at 50% of gait cycle

IR

Hip (horizontal plane):

- ___ from 50% of cycle to swing

ER

Small spinal movements of __-__ degrees in all 3 planes serve to dampen oscillations due to gait

3-5

The shoulder girdle rotates __-__ degrees opposite of the pelvis

7-9

The shoulder has _____ sagittal movement with the hip

(25 degrees extension to 10 degrees flexion, amplitude increases with speed)

Reciprocal

____ ____ ____ is achieved by:

- controlling the body momentum

- optimizing the excursion of the COM

- taking advantage of intersegmental transfers of energy

Conservation of energy

_____ _____ is measured indirectly by quantifying O2 consumption

Energy expenditure

Energy expenditure is measured in ___/____/____

Cal/kg/m

Efficiency is greatest at _____ m/sec (___mph)

1.33 m/sec (3 mph)

Walking faster or slower increases ____ ____

Energy cost

____ ____ = step length x cadence

Walking speed

Individuals with abnormal gait patterns tend to walk ____ to keep the rate of energy consumption at a comfortable aerobic level

Slower

Walking efficiency of ____:

- step length:step rate ratio = 0.0072 m/steps/min

Males

Walking efficiency of ____:

- step length: step rate ratio = 0.0064 m/steps/min

Females

Those with balance disorders choose to walk with a ____ BOS to improve stability, thus increasing energy expenditure

Wider

Decreased dynamic BOS = ____ stability (likely represents a mechanical compromise between energy conservation and stability)

Less

Amplitude of lateral displacement partially seen in step width is mainly a function of ____ plane hip motion (ADD & ABD)

Frontal