Vertebrates Reviewer

DOMAIN of Vertebrates Animals

Eukarya

KINGDOM of Vertebrates Animals

Animalia

PHYLUM of Vertebrates Animals

Chordata

SUBPHYLUM of Vertebrates Animals

Vertebrata

CLASS of Vertebrates Animals

7 different

ORDERS

10 Placental mammals

Vertebrates are ___.

Chordates

Phylum Chordata includes the ____ and _____ (invertebrate chordates) as well as vertebrates.

lancelets; tunicates

1. Muscle segments

2. Notochord

3. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

4. Brain

5. Mouth

6. Pharyngeal slits

7. Anus

8. Post anal tail

All chordates have:

Groups under Phylum Chordata

• Fish

• Amphibians

• Reptiles

• Birds

• Mammals

1st Characteristics of all Vertebrates

Endoskeleton with a backbone for support of a dorsal nerve cord & muscle attachment

2nd Characteristics of all Vertebrates

Distinct skull/cephalization and Bilateral symmetry

3rd Characteristics of all Vertebrates

2 pairs of jointed appendages (Coelom)

4th Characteristics of all Vertebrates

Closed circulatory system and Chambered heart

Endothermic

Warm-blooded; an animal that generates its own body heat
Ex. birds and mammals

Ectothermic

Cold-blooded; body temperature is determined by the surrounding environment, such as sunlight or a heated rock surface.
Ex. reptiles, fishes

Oviparous

“egg birth”; lay eggs and eggs hatch outside mother’s body

ex. most fish, reptiles, birds, and 3 species of mammals

Ovoviviparous

• “egg-live birth”; fertilized eggs remain inside of mother

• nourished by egg yolk - not the mom

• may lay the eggs and then hatch shortly thereafter, or eggs hatch inside of mother, and young are born live

ex. some fish - Australian angelshark, dogfish, some reptiles

Viviparous

“Live birth”; the young develop within the uterus, nourished by the placenta.

ex. golden hammerhead, scoophead, placental mammals

Australian angelshark

Squatina australis

Dogfish

Scoliodon sorrakowah

Golden Hammerhead

Sphyrna tudes

Scoophead

Sphyrna media

Placental mammals

humans

Fish

aquatic tetrapods with scales, gills, & 2 chambered hearts

Agnathans

Jawless fishes

ex. hagfish and lampreys

Chondrichthyes

Cartilagenous fish
ex. sharks & rays

Osteichthyes

bony fish

ex. mahi-mahi, tilapia, halibut, puffer fish, tetras, guppies

Amphibians

semiaquatic tetrapods with split lives & 3-chambered hearts

Anura

“Tailless ones”
ex. frogs & toads

Urodela

“tailed ones”
ex. salamanders & newts

Apoda

“legless ones”
ex. caecilians

Reptiles

terrestrial amniote tetrapods with scales & lungs & 3-ish to 4  chambered hearts

lizards and snakes

squamata

turtles and tortoises

Testudines

alligators, crocodiles, and related species

Crocodilia

Birds

terrestrial amniote tetrapods with feathers & lungs & 4 chambered hearts

Ratites

ostriches, emus, kiwis

Passeriformes

Perching birds

ex. jays, sparrows, and crows

Aquatic birds

ducks, swans, geese

Raptors

eagles, falcolns, hawks

5 classifications under Birds

1. Ratites

2. Passeriformes

3. Aquatic birds

4. Raptors

5. Penguins

Mammals

terrestrial amniote tetrapods with lungs,  hair and  mammary glands & 4 chambered hearts

Monotremes

echidna and platypus

Marsupials

koala, kangaroo, opossum

Placentals

humans, bears, tigers, giraffes, deer, pigs, dogs, cats, raccoons, squirrels, whales, walruses, and manatees

CLASS - Agnatha

• Jawless & Finless

• Skeleton of Cartilage

• Reproduce sexually

• Gills

• 2 champered heart

• Oviparous
  Ex. Hagfish and Lampreys

Hagfish

a detritivore (an animal that feeds on dead organic material)

Lamprey

an ectoparasite (a parasite that lives on the outside of its host)

Gnathostomes

the jawed fishes

Gills are supported by _____ or bone.

cartilage

True

T or F: Some of these gill supports become other structures, including the jaws and inner ear bones of other vertebrates.

Sharks have a unique digestive structure called ______ that increases surface area.

spiral valve

Sharks and some rays are _____.

Carnivores

Rays and the largest sharks are ____.

suspension feeders

Metamorphosis

change from a sexually immature stage to a sexually  mature stage in the life cycle; involves change in body structure and niche; 
ex. tadpoles are herbivorous, aquatic larvae with gills and no limbs that  change into carnivorous, terrestrial adult frogs with lungs and 4 limbs

Tetrapod

vertebrate with 4 limbs located in pectoral and pelvic girdles

Lungs

internal respiratory organs that exchange gases across a membrane  surface, usually in conjunction with the circulatory system

Cloaca

common opening to the outside of the body through which fecal material, nitrogenous waste and gametes pass; common to amphibians, reptiles, and birds

Amniotic Egg

adaptation to terrestrial life that results in a waterproof egg with extra-embryonic membranes  that aid in the vital functions of a living organism

Extinct

all members of a species have died;
ex. pterosaurs

Extant

members of a species are still alive

Bask

behavioral adaptation of ectotherms to increase body heat; involves moving to locations where more  radiant energy (such as from the sun or warm rocks) is  available for absorption