Carbohydrates Metabolism/Glucose Unit 2

What is the general description of carbohydrates?

Compounds containing Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen(O)

Classification of carbohydrates are based on?

Size of the base carbon chain

Location of the carboxyl function group

Number of sugar unit

Stereochemistry (Arrangment)

C6H2O6

sugar!

Aldose

Terminal carboyl group called aldehyde

Ketose

Has carbonyl group in the middle linked with 2 other carbon atoms

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

disaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond.

Oligosaccharides

three to ten monosaccharides

polysaccharides

ten or more

Linkage for sugar?

glycosidic bond

D-glucose structure

L-glucose structure

Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

responsible for digesting starch and glycogen into dextrin and disaccharides

Maltase (intestinal enzyme)

(sucrase and lactase)- Gut enzyme then hydrolysesthem to single monosaccharide components

How many glucose transporters are there? (GLUT)

14

What glucose transporters are the most important?

1-5

GLUT 1

Erthrocytes

GLUT 2

Liver, pancreatic beta, cells, intestine

GLUT 3

brain

GLUT 4

Fatty tissue, skeletal muscle, heart

GLUT 5

Jejunum, kidney

What does insulin do for glucose transporters?

Opens glucose transporters

Which GLUTs are not insulin dependent?

1,2,3,5

What is glucose in the liver?

glycogen

Glycolysis

Metabolism of glucose molecue to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

Gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose to use as energy

Glycogenesis

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage.

Lipogenesis

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Lipolysis

Decomposition of fats

How many ATP are "invested"?

2 ATP

What is the "gross" ATP in glycolysis?

4 ATP

What is the net ATP in glycolysis?

2 ATP